Classifications of Government Expenditure

Classifications of Government ExpenditureThe welf be of the people of India highly depends on the expenditure of the Government of India (GOI). Government expenditure is a very important aspect of the political relations budget presented by the finance minister every fiscal. Through it GOI tries to maximise the welfare of the people by appropriately allocating economical resources to various presidential term activities.Government expenditure can be broadly classified into four categoriesFunctional Classification or Budget Classification In April 1974, the GOI introduced a new accounting structure in order to serve the requirement of financial control and accountability. Under this structure, a five tier mixed bag has been adopted orbital, major head, minor head, subhead, and detailed heads of accounts. Sectoral classification has clubbed the government functions into three sectors, namely, General Services, brotherly and Community Services and Economic services. In the new st ructure, a major head is designate to each function and minor head is assigned to each programme. Each minor head include activities or schemes or organizations as subheads.Economic Classification Economic classification of the government expenditure signifies the way of the allocation of resources to various economic activities. It involves listing the government expenditure by significant economic categories, separating current expenditure from capital expenditure, spending for goods and services from transfers to individuals and institutions, inter-governmental loans from grants etc. This classification provides a record of governments influence in each sector of the economy.Cross Classification or Economic-cum-functional Classification Cross classification provides the break-up of government expenditure both by economic and by functional heads. For example, expenditure on medical facilities, a functional head, is split as current expenditure, capital expenditure, transfers and loans.Accounting Classification Accounting classification of the government expenditure can be presented under (i) Revenue and Capital (ii) Developmental and Non-Developmental and (iii) Plan and Non-Plan. Each classification of expenditure has an objective associated with it. For instance, Revenue and Capital expenditure indicates the creation of assets by government expenditure and unproductive expenditure. Further, the developmental and non-developmental classification differentiates the government classification as the expenditure on social and community services and economic service from that against customary expenditure. Similarly, the Plan and Non-Plan expenditure represents the expenditure on planned schemes of government and non-plan expenditures.The above classification of the government expenditure serves one or more of the purposes of the government, such as, parliamentary control over expenditure, economic development, price stability etc.Analysis of Government Expendi ture in IndiaThe chart given below shows the division of government expenditure in harm of capital and revenue expenditure for some selected years. The percentage share of revenue expenditure in government expenditure has change magnitude over time due to increase in expenditure in society welfare.The growth story of the India can be said in terms of five year plans which give an account of government expenditure during the plans. The first five year plan (1951-56) laid emphasis on agriculture, including irrigation and power, wherein the government had worn out(p) 36% of its subject on these heads. The second five year plan (1956-61) marks the foray towards industrialization with an increased government spending in transport and communion sector with an contribution of 28.9% of its expenditure. The urge for industrialization continues even during the third five year pan (1961-66) with 24% and 20% public spending on Industry Minerals, and Transport and Communication respectivel y. Fourth to seventh five year plans have social services of education, health, welfare sharing a majority of the pie with 24% and 26% expenditure in fourth and fifth plan.The eight five year plan (1992-97) commenced the era of fiscal reform and liberalization. There were increased efforts to correct the economic growth and quality of life of the common man. There were high public spending on the sectors like energy (26.6%), Transportation and communication (20.8%) and Social and other services (19.6%). The Ninth five year plan (1997-2002) focussed on the development of infrastructure by allocating 72% of the funds to irrigation, energy, transport and communication and social service. The tenth five year had an objective of atleast 8% growth rate by providing a boast to power sector spending (26.56%) and change magnitude social Community services sector spending to 29.27%.COMPARISON OF INFLATION BASED ON cost-of-living index AND WPIConsumer Price Index (cost-of-living index), is delimit as the plodding norm change over time in the prices of a basket of the good and services consumed by a consumer. While, Wholesale Price Index is defined as the weighted average change over time in the price of a basket of wholesale goods. Inflation rate is calculated ground on the CPI and WPI as the percentage in the respective indices over time, generally a year.The calculation of fanfare rates based on CPI and WPI form 1994-95 to 2006-07 is given in the table provided belowCPI and WPI differ in terms of their weights assigned to their respective constituent basket goods and services. Food has been assigned a higher weight in CPI (46% in CPI-IW) as compared to a weight of only 27% in WPI. As a result, the CPI changes more with the change in the food process as compared to the WPI. Further, the fuel group has a much lower weight in CPI (7% on an average) relative to that in the WPI (14.2%). Consequently, the variations in international crude process affect the WPI more than CPI. Also, services are not included under WPI, but are included in the CPI to different extents. Hence, the CPIs are influenced by the service price inflation.Considering the data provided in the table above, it can be inferred that on an average CPI-IW inflation is higher than that of WPI inflation. Also, in terms of WPI inflation the period from 1994-95 to 1995-94 was of higher inflation, then the inflation decreases and increases again in 2000-01 and then decreases again. It can be seen that the inflation rate, both CPI inflation and WPI inflation, follows a cyclic pattern.

George Washington And Thomas Jefferson :: essays research papers

George uppercase and Thomas Jefferson were two important men who affected our peoples independence and the beginning years of our country. They helped form this nation into a free and sovereign country. Yet, they were different in many aspects they shared a few common features. Both Washington and Jefferson grew up in the grey state of Virginia and like most owned land to grow and harvest crops. In growing up they came from two different class levels of living. The Jefferson family was more known and richer than Washingtons giving him a greater advantage and opportunity to succeed, especially in higher education. After Jefferson finished regular schooling he was able to attend the College of William and Mary were he studied law. He did so under the teaching of George Wthe who was considered perhaps the greatest teachers of law in Virginia at the time. Washington however was taught by his mom mainly in mathematics and received no higher education. Washington was still knowledgeab le and began to put it to use in the army to become as a young British soldier. He interred the army at the young age of nineteen were he began to apprehend leadership and military strategy which would prove useful in the Revolutionary War to come. Jefferson on the other hand was involved in the laws, courts, and small politics. At the young age of twenty-five Jefferson was elected to the House of Burgesses in Virginia were he served for five years. Washington was known for his great motivational speeches that would rally troops unitedly to prepare for war and lead on to victory. Jefferson was more of a writer not a speaker and by using his skill he wrote and brought frontwards fresh ideas of independence and freedom.

Waterlogging of Soil :: Environmental, Informative,

What is it?Waterlogging is the lower in land productivity through the rise in groundwater coterminous to the kingdom surface, and also where the water table rises above the surface. The raised water table results in the soils becoming waterlogged and air spaces in the soil be fill with water, and plant roots, in effect, suffocate from the lack of oxygen, limiting plant growth in those areas.Where does it occur?Waterlogging occurs where bad irrigation methods are enjoymentd and in ailing(predicate) deadened soils where water cant penetrate deeply. For example, there may be an impermeable clay layer below the soil. It also occurs on areas that are poorly beat(p) topographically. Worldwide, about 10% of all irrigated land suffers from water logging. Currently Victoria has 1.8 million ha affected by waterlogging. Waterlogging occurs mostly on flat flood plain areas or gently sloping landforms with high rainfall and red duplex or heavy clay soils. What causes it?Water logging i s caused by excessive irrigation on poorly drained soils, i.e. water enters the soil faster than it drains away. It occurs even worse where there is compaction of subsoil layers where water quickly enters the topsoil but is whence block up by a water-resistant clay layer, which may occur naturally or may be induced through excessive use of inelegant machinery. Irrigation water and/or seepage from canals eventually raise the water table in the ground.What are the impacts?Water logging causesDamage to the soil structure.asphyxiation of limit roots.Fall of productivity by about 20% in those areas affected.Waterlogging of Soil Environmental, Informative, What is it?Waterlogging is the lower in land productivity through the rise in groundwater close to the soil surface, and also where the water table rises above the surface. The raised water table results in the soils becoming waterlogged and air spaces in the soil are filled with water, and plant roots, in effect, suffocate from the lack of oxygen, limiting plant growth in those areas.Where does it occur?Waterlogging occurs where bad irrigation methods are used and in poorly drained soils where water cant penetrate deeply. For example, there may be an impermeable clay layer below the soil. It also occurs on areas that are poorly drained topographically. Worldwide, about 10% of all irrigated land suffers from water logging. Currently Victoria has 1.8 million ha affected by waterlogging. Waterlogging occurs mostly on flat floodplain areas or gently sloping landforms with high rainfall and red duplex or heavy clay soils. What causes it?Water logging is caused by excessive irrigation on poorly drained soils, i.e. water enters the soil faster than it drains away. It occurs even worse where there is compaction of subsoil layers where water quickly enters the topsoil but is then blocked by a water-resistant clay layer, which may occur naturally or may be induced through excessive use of agricultural machinery. Irr igation water and/or seepage from canals eventually raise the water table in the ground.What are the impacts?Water logging causesDamage to the soil structure.Suffocation of Plant roots.Fall of productivity by about 20% in those areas affected.

Computer Hardware :: Technology Computers Papers

It seems that in todays world nothing can be done without a computer, just upon a close set(predicate) look, you will find that it is the hardware components and input and output devices that make a computer useful. What is it that determines the speed at which a computer can find a file? How do you amount a report from your PC to the members of your next Board meeting? It is the hardware that is used with your computer that allows you to accomplish all of your art needs using your computer.Data input is the collection of raw data that is used to find needed information. Data input is an important part of some(prenominal) business, but different businesses have different needs when it comes to input devices. Some common business needs and the best data input solution to shed light on them are listed belowPrinted questionnaires- An optical mark recognizer (OCR) would be best because it will read the answers chosen by the participant and turn it in to digital data. surround survey- A voice recognition device would be the best solution because it would allow the telephone survey answers to be converted for digital use.Bank checks- A magnetic ink character recognition device (MICR) is the best answer for banks because it was developed by banks to read a special magnetic ink with disposed(p) data to be converted in to digital information (Stair & Reynolds, 2006).Retail tags- For retail tags, bar code scanners allow for keeping track of inventory and for price and labeling.Long documents- Optical data readers are the best bet for allowing long documents to be scanned into digital data.Once a company has the input they need in digital form, they must have a tool that allows them to create high quality output of the information gathered. There are many output devices, but it is important to have the correct one for the job. Listed below are some examples of output and the best track to get itHand held computer- The best way to get output from a hand held is through the built in liquid crystal display (LCD) since there are no other built in output features.Color photograph- A color photo should be printed on a high resolution photo printer, or if it is a very titanic photo, a color plotter would be a good option.Resume- Since most resumes are printed at home, a personal ink jet printer is the way to go.

Launching a Successful Digital Mobile Business Essay -- Apps for Busin

IntroductionSince I was a child the idea of being a business owner has been a dream of mine. I never knew the requirements of starting, rill or growing a business however, I knew I needed to design a product to sell. In the 6th grade I approached my parents and told them when I grow up I want to own a business. I vividly remember my Father laughing while my Mother smiled and told me that it took a get by of work, time and experience to own and run a business. I decided to do some research, getting on the family computer I found let on that a popular way to develop a business was to learn computer programming and write software. Years later, I worked in the Information technology field after high school and saved up m hotshoty to continue my education at State University. Majoring in telephone circuit with the Information engine room Concentration, I will gain the skills to work in a business environment but will still need to educate myself in site to found my own startu p business. Taking Care of the BasicsThere are many markets, ideas and problems that have to be considered while brainstorming startup ideas. In fact there is such an abundance of aspects one will undoubtedly feel overwhelmed from time to time. To avoid excessive frustration, it is a great idea to fragmentize up the development process into many different sections and complete each task in order. This paper will follow the path in which one should take in the development of their startup. The first task of a business is to decide on a product or service to develop. As verbalize above, there are many markets that can be considered in developing said product or service however, I have chosen to accommodate to the market that is constantly growing and evolving on a day to d... ...portunity. Works CitedReady, K. (2011). inaugurationup An insiders Guide to Launching and Running a Business. New York Apress.Louise. (2012, April 11). Different Types of Apps for Business. Retriev ed November 14, 2013, from http//newmediaangels.com/2012/04/different-types-of-apps-for-business/Whiteling, I., & Welstead, S. (2010). Start Your Own Business 2010 The Ultimate Step-By-Step Guide / edited by Ian Whiteling & Steph Welstead. 3rd ed. Richmond Crimson.Lee, M. (2012) Business Plans Handbook (Vol. 22) Michigan Cengage Learning.McKeever, M. (2007). How to Write a Business Plan. 8th ed. Berkeley Nolo, 2002Governors Office of Business and Economic Development (2012). Start a Business. Retrieved from http//business.ca.gov/StartaBusiness.aspx Dooley, J. (2011). Software Development and Professional Practice. New York Apress.

When Politics Meets Religion Essay -- Essays on Politics

When Politics Meets Religion Much of the history we are taught in grade school and secondary genteelness is filled with stories upon stories of political movements and uprising. The vast majority of these movements had one or two political leaders at the forefront whose ultimate goals included such things as liberating an oppressed people or reclaiming a status taken from a group of people by an outside force. Leaders of such movements have employ a wide range of tactics to gain support for their political agendas, but one particular tactic has been so oft used by said leaders that this tactic certainly deserves a closer examination. This tactic is religion. No matter what the nature of the movement may have been, so often we have seen and continue to see today how political leaders have made claims that God is supporting their cause. From the Crusades to the recent activities of Al Qaeda, the need for Gods support has been shown to be very important to establishing the leg itimacy of a political agenda. What happens when the political agenda fails to faithfully correspond with the religion it claims as its backing? Is on that point a relationship between the effectiveness of a political agenda and the faithfulness with which it adheres to the tenets of the religion it claims as its support? Indeed there is such a relationship, and upon closer examination, we bequeath not only see that political agendas that faithfully adhere to the tenets of a proposed religious affiliation tend to be successful, but we will also see why this is the case. We will then consider how this knowledge can be used today to address current instances of oppressive regimes. First, however, permit us examine why it is at all desirable for a political leader to ... ...m.Mahatma Gandhi - Indian Spiritual/Political Leader and Humanitarian. 2 Feb. 2003.LucidCafe. Retrieved 4 Mar. 2003 Martin Luther King, Jr. Civil - Rights Leader. 2 Feb. 2003. LucidCafe. Retrieved 4 Mar.2003 .M cClennen, Scott. Lecture. The role of religion in current politics. Fall 2003. Ethics and Development in a Global Economy. Stanford University. statement of United Church of Christ leaders opposing U.S. war against Iraq. United Church of Christ website. Retrieved 4 Mar. 2003 .Toppling Saddam Hussein Troubling, Unanswered Questions. Mar. 2002. Friends Committee on National Legislation. Retrieved 12 Mar. 2003 .

Eating Disorders and the Media :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Eating Disorders and the Media Todays society is undeniably marked by cultural norms and imagels. The question is, however, does the mass medias depiction of this norm cause abusive behavior in its population? Researchers have shown that there is a bias in the way television targets children in advertising (Ogletree, S., Williams, S., Raffeld, P., Mason, B., Fricke, K., 1990) and that this media influence over citizenry has always been observable (Miles, M., 1995). This targeting of audience members serves the purpose of singling out the most desirable consumer for the product to encourage their economic support. So if advertising is only concerned with marketing product, why is it blamed for the low self-esteem and body image and thus the bulimia and anorexia seen in todays women? The images projected by the media in commercials, products, wrote ads etc. give todays consumers an idea of what normal should look like (Sellers, M., Waligroski, K., 1993). The people in the ads woul d all have the ideal body proportions, material possessions and social status in order to be the attention the ad places on them. Viewers see the ads and compare the body images they see to themselves, which is likely to reveal a discrepancy. Five years ago, the average effeminate model weighed 23% less that the average woman of the time (Miles, M., 1995) and the difference is only growing. Men to are affected by the medias portrayal of what ideal looks like. Jirousek explains the developing of the ideal male figure from a slim and romantic shape to the superhuman image we see in television and the rest of media today (1996). With the starting line of televised football in the 1930s, the popularized image of males incorporated the larger than life appearance from shoulder pads and other armor to encompass movie heroes, comic book characters and garb models. With the males in the public eye having these muscular figures and distorted proportions, the normal male then received the impression that this is what women wanted even if the look does not convey easily to most men. Fabio is a good example of this image (although Jirousek states that Fabio is more for the female consumer than the influence over male viewers, 1996). This male image could be respectable the thing a man needs to see in order to feel completely below expectations thus, resulting in low self-esteem.