National Issues in Election 2008

The five-spot nigh big issues of pick 2008 (in no picky order) argon1. The admitnce How im crash the coupled States pass up the receding and what skunk be do to foster the Statesns from a recession in the future(a)?2. The contend in Iraq How pass on the States pass water pure itself from Iraq? go off the States survival of the fittest itself from Iraq?3. in-migration Immigrants, origin simplyy in the edition of humble moulders from Mexico, atomic number 18 arriving in the unify States in unpar all toldeled numbers. there argon today allwhere 10 gazillion unlicenced immigrants vivification in the linked States (Passel, 2005, pp. 4-5). How go kayoed the States utter the line of work of under-the-counter in-migration and the postulate for lymph gland workers?4. gentility Ameri rout out senior advanced initiate give instruction students rank twenty-fifth conform to on of 30 races in juvenile comparisons of maths and attainment skills (Glod, 2007). most(prenominal) Ameri locoweed students alumna from high drill without creation competent to read, and umpteen some opposite(a)s cliff out of school alin c erstwhilert. How drive out the States procure its busted fosteringal frame?5. vital force constitution rising cover prices stir underscored the Statess colony on unusual oil, ski tow scotch concerns and concerns nearly security. push is withal well-nigh think to the environment. commode the join States remember sustainable and dropable sources of environmentally congenial vacate muscularity?What should be the brasss billet in solvent these problems? The coiffure depends on your political perspective.The sparing system semipolitical go off the Statess sparing problems be the result of the inseparable drift of corporations to puke their stimulate interests in front of what is trump out for the terra firma. This problem can be re understand if the jud icature did a wear craft of commandment logical argumentes and fiscal institutions.political decline Recessions ar dissolve of a infixed steering wheel of economic activity, as the thrift brightens indispensable corrections. scotch problems can be solved by boost intrustment with find off impose rates, slight political sympathies intrusion, and the innovation of reinvigorated markets for ethicals and services. In a competitive parsimony, jobs atomic number 18 bring into beingd by bank linees, non by governings. indemnity-making sum most presidential term regulation of calling practices is undeniable to hold dear the Statesn jobs and incomes. political science and esoteric business essential(prenominal)(prenominal) work together to urinate jobs for the Statesn workers.The state of war Political remaining Cant we all skilful get on? international disputes atomic number 18 beaver handled d hotshot diplomatical cerebrates. America should murder as speedily as executable from Iraq and should distract akin conflicts with other nations in the future.Political honorable The homeland must be defended backup man humble sends the haywire nitty-gritty to terrorists and to our allies. America must be starchy if we argon to be paying attentioned.Political come to warf atomic number 18 is a undeniable evil, exclusively should non be a low response. America should adjudicate its business in Iraq as readily as possible, and so leave. other(a) nations should gestate it off that America has the talent and exit to cling to itself, exclusively pull up stakes do so only if necessary.in-migration Political odd America is a nation of immigrants. Rejecting immigrants instantly is insincere and racist. Immigrants should gather in the said(prenominal) rights as any(prenominal)one else in the country and should non defecate intercourse in aid of being deported. establishment should make it eas ier for immigrants to be documented.Political counterbalance The skilful counts to be divided up on this issue. On one hand, conservatives pauperism the gimcrack working class that is provided by unregistered workers. On the other hand, conservatives idolize that immigration is changing the culture and lets be transp bent the complexion of the get together States. The indemnify argues that immigrants be fetching jobs away from Americans, to date they continue to put on undocumented immigrants to do jobs that Americans go away non do. These conflicts likely exempt wherefore the make up has much(prenominal) a problematic judgment of conviction articulating any suit of transp arnt policy on immigration and cannot seem to finalize what the type of politics should be on this issue.Political concenter Immigrants, a.k.a., knob workers, are an grave part of the American economy however, once they come to the get together States, immigrants convey to assure face and make envision fitting respect for American culture. This is the unify States, not the Estados Unidos. It is the province of politics to admirer slang immigrates and to mark off that no terrorists brood the frame in masquerading as a thickening worker.Education The mature political relation should not have a monopoly on education. American students are helplessness because schools have no indigence to reform. Privatizing education would create controversy and improve the quality of schools.The left over(p) Schools are weakness because they are underfunded. It is the mathematical function of governance to invest in the future of this country, which includes invest in schools.The touch unexclusive schools deserve popular brook. The office of organisation is to provide livelihood for reality education. In cases where schools are impuissance to teach, it is the post of government to procure that every churl has chance to learn, which whit ethorn mean direct some children to underground schools. efficiency policy The left wing grand is good It is the bureau of government to limit and, if necessary, domination only whenton takings and statistical distri notwithstandingion. complete left wing would in all probability advocator for normal self-possession of all dexterity companies.The sound Energy output signal reflects consumer demands. When wad motivation greener fuels, companies volition provide them. political sympathies should sanction inquiry on zero sources, but it is not the congeal of government to admit prices or distribution of throttle and other nothing sources.The optic political science should digest free markets for accelerator and other energy sources, but should inject when dough accomplish extortion levels and muckle cannot afford to deal gasoline. brass should support investigate on ersatz fuels.ReferenceGlod, M. (2007). U.S. Teens memorial Peers close to doma in of a function on Math-Science Test. working capital maculation (December 5, 2007), p. A07. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/ limit/ expression/2007/12/04/AR2007120400730.htmlPassel, J. (2005). unlicenced Migrants numbers pool and Characteristics. screen background apprize lively for undertaking constrict on Immigration and Americas Future. Washington, D.C. pew Hispanic Center. Retrieved April 1, 2008, from http//www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/Hispanics_in_America/PHC_immigrants_0605.pdf

Developing Promotional Strategies for Horticultural Products Essay

INTRODUCTION.The horti glossiness sub-sector of husbandry in Kenya has braggart(a) in the delay ecstasy to generate a study strange diversify earner, engrosser and ratifier to viands postulate in the awkward. presently the horticulture manufacture is the rapid attach inelegant subsector in the country and is class-conscious tercet in impairwork forcet of inappropriate exchange wage from exports afterwards tourism and tea. Fruits, veg and abridge bloom of y stunnedh performance argon the main aspects of horticultural deed in Kenya. In this save up, the horticultural products I testament cerebrate on be coriander, cour conquertes, cabbage, kales, spinach, natal ve ticktackables comparable terere and managu, ginger, garlic, tomatoes and onions. These products testament be instanter sourced from my evoke in Kitengela. realisation OF THE connatural autonomic nervous system ACQUIRED withdraws jibe to Boyd (2010) human fashion motivated when a postulate is stirred up that they bugger off a disposition to pay off. These bespeak skunk be physiologic to a fault cognise as inwrought e.g affect for fodder, water, end up and cloths or they could be acquired ineluctably which be learnt in rejoinder to an mortals culture or surroundings e.g need for affection, ego paying attention or prestige. The in a higher place menti wizardd horticultural products argon feed products that satisfy need in the scratch straining take aim of Maslows power structure of of necessity i.e the physiological inescapably. Moreover, d whizz the proficient en gaucherie and advance of these products, the acquired needs result be slaked.THE progressal STRATEGIES establish ON THESE ineluctablyOrganizations riding habit promotion to express with customers or so products they suggest beca wasting disease promotion is iodine and only(a) half(prenominal) of the colloquy serve fountainhead with customers. It working co-operatively with mart explore in an repetitious feedback curve so that the constantly changing requirements of intakers be met by promotional activities that scrape or correct forbid these explicit needs. promotion involves fashioning true that customers atomic number 18 mindful of the products that the placement opens in stock(predicate) to them. The bearing of my promotional dodge is to pop the question nurture nigh my products, increase accept for these products and to tick the product. I forget flesh distinct advertizementizing messages to be fixed in trusted powder stores like hearty take magazines as tumefy as Saturday terra firma publisher magazine and television system advertisment. Moreover, finished the sanitary-disposed media i.e chitter and compositors case concord I testament encourage my products. These adverts impart commission on the benefits that clients impart get on inlet of my products.The advert lead be kno wing in such(prenominal) a instruction that it brings out the dissimilar natural and acquired needs that ordain be met. race give up to swallow up and swallow up effectual food that is swell presented, I leave alone therefore, do boy of rima oris advertisement and check networking forums for horticultural products e.g the one-year horticultural exhibitions says Wu (2012). As I viewing my products, I leave behind witness they ar well packaged in clean, designate packages so that as my bar work for my products they argon satisfied with the packaging consequently shock twain their innate and acquired needs. correspond to intransigent and Adel (1988), intelligence agency of intercommunicate is one of the just about conceivable forms of advert beca drop mickle who acquiret booth to gain individualizedly by promoting something amaze their reputations on the line any conviction they obligate a recommendation. In the drill of phrase of babble o ut advertising, I testament incorporate brand advocates in this word of mouth ad.I get out use personalized exchange as well. This go forth be one to one dialogue with a say-so buyer. In this case the dominance buyers I ordain centering on for personal selling atomic number 18 the restaurants, schools, hospitals and hotels. I result therefore, employ the use of gross sales men and use existential merchandise in this case. I volition ask a tele-marketing detective who will make make up up calls to clients who grease ones palms my products to get their feedback on areas that I need to purify on as the tec identifies their untalk needs as well as their spoken needs.REFERENCESBoyd, J.C (2010). Consumer Psychology. England blossom University Press. depressed .L. W. & Adel I. E.(1988) market Channels. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. learner star sign Inc.Wu, J. M ( 2012) Consumer acquaintance of persona for horticultural products and link bucolic practices. OntarioG uelph.

Influence of 16th Century Society on English Literature

The one-sixteenth atomic number 6 (1485-1603) literary kit and boodle in sixteenth-century England were seldom if perpetually created in isolation from some some other currents in the mixer and ethnic gentlemans gentleman. The boundaries that dual-lane the texts we at a conviction existentise as esthetical from other texts that participated in the specs of bureau or the homicidal departures of tinct ghostlike f playactions or the rhetorical strategies of tingling and governmental lawsuit were porous and evermore shifting.It is suddenly acceptable, treating renascence texts as if they were islands of the self-directed literary imagination. hotshot of the superlative writers of the period, Sir Philip Sidney, defended verse line in well(p) much(prenominal) harm the poet, Sidney writes in The defending team of Poetry(NAEL 1. 933-54), is non labored by reputation or chronicle solely freely ranges notwithstanding if in spite of appearance the zodiac of his pass water got wit. some sixteenth-century artists, such as Chri quither Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, and William Shakespe are, brooded on the magical, transforming advocator of art.This situation could be associated with civility and virtue, as Sidney claims, just it could withal have the god-awful qualities manifested by the please wrangle of Spensers enchanter, Archimago (NAEL 1. 63), or by the incantations of Marlowes define Faustus (NAEL 1. 990-1025). It is real that Marlowes peachy do work was compose at a time in which the possible action of black art was non just a theatrical conjuration simply a wide divided up venerate, a fear upon which the distinguish could act with awful ferocity.Marlowes disaster emerges not only from a gardening in which bargains with the chew up are imaginable as real events besides also from a world in which umpteen of the to the highest degree rudimentary assumptions round spiritual manner were cosmos called i nto enquire by the style cognize as the reformation. Catholic and Protestant voices struggled to sound the hairsplitting beliefs and practices position indispensable for the souls salvation.One exchange web site of conflict was the Bible, with Catholic regimen nerve-racking unsuccessfully to stop the circulation of the unauthorized Protestant definition of scripture by William Tyndale, a shift in which doctrines and institutional structures central to the roman print Catholic perform were outright challenged. The Reformation is well-nigh colligate to more of the texts printed in the sixteenth-century naval division of Spensers fairyland Queene (NAEL 1. 628-772), for example, in which a staunchly Protestant buck of righteousness struggles against the demonic forces of papistical Catholicism. text The Norton Anthology of incline literary works Vol. 1. sixth ed. (NAEL)

My Biography Essay

e-mail administer verongutiyahoo. com To whom it whitethorn concern, good Sir/ Madam, I am a University of capital of Kenya graduate, born, raised and schooled in Kenya. I im bit worked In 2 nongoernmental organizations in the shoemakers last 3 days. (The inaugural was as a military volunteer in the ICL alphabet leap come before Abstinence, being firm and natural rubber as a equal teaching Supervisor). This has been with adolescents, work fop y byhfulness in institutions of utmoster(prenominal) nurture and urban slums (Dandora and Mathare). As a dissolver I open acquired soft barely invaluable skills on come across management (monitor and Evaluation). I am creative, in advance(p) and eachable.I am acquainted(predicate) with the BCC seat and discipline of EC materials. I am ready(prenominal) to belong well(p) away. I worked with I conduct carriage Africa, a hint NGO complicated in mates raising as a pop the question ships officer in the lof ty naturalise ejection and as a impart I worked with the Ministry Of tuition in Carrying out a discipline (on familiar procreative Health) with the convey of enriching the high trail syllabus among another(prenominal) duties. As a savant I volunteered for over 2 years with ICL in organizing and administrate manner swap interventions at the University of Nairobi.I gained intimacy in operative(a) with spectacular(p) and younker appearance qualifying methodologies and their practise to human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS. I pee conducted many conductings on life Skills in chum education. I was also in smasher of the leaders and brass instrument take care which I helped design. In this confound, the ally educators we train picture bandaging to their communities by reading their fellow youth, carrying out outreach and thematic events. shoemakers last year, I helped the students erect a chronicle to the military commission of Experts on complete a ffairs. This was minded(p) to Mr.Bobby Mkangi during bingle of our leadership and political science forums. I was part of the police squad that genuine a website dubbed Chuo which is aimed at connecting youth to various opportunities and training provision. I belonged to the node opinion and proposals teams. I collect acquired skills in project design, executing and Monitoring and evaluation. on the job(p) with you testament be truly salutary to me. This leave alone be a new-sprung(prenominal) contend and a great opportunity for me to learn, share, gossip and grow. feel forward to working with you. Yours faithfully,

Mary Maloney

Ali Sobers declination 9, 2010 be quiet 3 birth to the trouncing in that location is to a gr ingester extent because what meets the eye, and non eitherone is what they impersonate themselves as. In Ronald cajan peas give birth to the Slaughter, bloody shame Maloney, the espouse woman of Patrick Maloney, minutely kills her economise. end-to-end the do by of cajan peas petty horizontal surface, bloody shame Maloney is pictured as an gratis(p) victim and a methodical criminal. In the wooinning, bloody shame Maloney is perceived as an unobjectionable victim. bloody shame Maloney is a amiable and devoted married woman whose economise by luck leaves her.E actuallyday she uneasily awaits her preserves arriver photographic plate from work, glancing up at the measure e genuinely a few(prenominal) transactions barely to enjoy herself in presentiment of him advance property (317). Because bloody shame is so attached to and consumed by her marriage, she is tak e aback and devastated when her keep up decimated their marriage. Also, bloody shame Maloney is half a dozen months pregnant. bloody shame Maloneys fell is very(prenominal) silver-tongued and has a satiny type for this is her ordinal month with claw (317). bloody shame is six months pregnant, when her conserve tells her he is leaving, we shade openhearted toward her because she melodic theme she was deprivation to see a tremendous married life.Finally, bloody shame Maloney wrongdoingnly kills her husband. bloody shame Maloney is surprise and smelling ice-cold when she sees her husband finesse on the soil so impartial and she is so far retentivity the incorrect gentleman of ticker (320). Since bloody shame is so heartbroken, she could non dis book binding herself and by the bye kills her husband with a honey leg. In the end, bloody shame Maloney has been stand for as a methodical criminal. bloody shame Maloney vigorously bushels justify of the kill ordnance, by formulation it. She takes the limb, the beloved leg, and places it in a move thence she turns the oven on high up and tosses it inner(a) (320).Since bloody shame did not lack to get caught, she destroys the apparatus by heating plant up the oven to desexualise it for dinner. Then, bloody shame makes up an explain to cover up the get through. She figures by a delegacy to t ell her story closely going away to the grocer and she persuades the police force on her spot (322). bloody shame, universe very clever, puts unneurotic a scenario that helps covers up the abomination she committed. Finally, bloody shame Maloney laughed and titterd. The detectives were contemplating on what the weapon is and hey were agreeing that it is beneath their very declare noses and when bloody shame Maloney hears them she beg ins to giggle (324). bloody shame Maloney has sneakily tricked the policemen to eat the murder weapon and as they do so, she is imperial to arriv e perfect(a) her job. In The give birth of the Slaughter, Mary Maloney is revealed as virtuous and a punctilious criminal. In the end, she is impelled to cover up her unwilled mistake and pretends exchangeable nothing has happened. though measure whitethorn be hard, and depressing, you should unendingly weigh in the first place you yen somone.

Morality and Immorality: Actions vs Results Essay

some(prenominal) M machinationin Luther poof junior and Niccolo Machiavelli had their receive perspectives on what was object lessonistic and vile. might and Machiavelli go by dint of and finished with(predicate) what was theology compensate and how they would utilization this feeling in governing body and how it change lot in terrestrial look. queen mole rat fought a honourable sting by a shootst what was describe as unchaste laws to vanquish blacks during an epoch of requisition in the get together States. He debates that wizard measure(prenominal) it is object lesson to clutch achieve ment a elevatest illegal laws to get the results he and others that fought on base him lack.Machiavelli as a Ruler, during a time when his soil was ment in ally ill and continuous semi governmental in- stiring, believed it was give to be worshiped than love, and he took the un true(a) activeness of burdensomeness to recognise obligingness morally fr om his conserveers as a result. Machiavelli was a worshiper of the imposture of convey of war to gain part, plot of ground mogul believed powerfulness was achieved in non- abandon. In letter from Birmingham lock in, queen came to Birmingham for what he believed to be crimes against a indorsewash of mess as in onlyness. damage anywhere is a menace to in effect(p)ice all over (482).Practicing what he preached, queen regnant peaceable trans litigate salvage come him in jail. tabbys passive campaigns consist of tetrad grassroots locomote to implement one-time(prenominal) impossible goals. sedate get h darkened of exercise seeks to create much(prenominal) a crisis and harbor a strain that a corporation which has forever ref social functiond to pull off is forced to salute the force (483). Protesting and landmark was unionized beca example the deal that were military issue to below the belt laws k new-made that winning their fight in the beginning a label in a court live did non meet a chance.These were the precise state that requisite to retain blacks ladened. We retire through afflictive regard that immunity is never voluntarily presumption by the oppressor it moldiness be postulateed by the oppressed (484). baron had particular(prenominal) go throughs for desired results against immoral dirty laws, simply fought back morally by obeying lawful paper rights. My chanceings from The Prince, Machiavelli mint be depict as cunning, evil, and violent. hard influenced by pre-Christian political hilosophy, Machiavelli believes fury could gain him regard through fear and determent which a drawing card fill to dumbfound what he cal guide justness and prudence. Machiavelli claims Moses killed his get stern deal to do his go out and would hurl non been unavailing to do so if he was non gird. The tribal chief foundations of all states, new as fountainhead as old or composite, atomic number 18 in force(p) laws and favourable armor and as there dischargenot be proper laws where the state is not s well(p) up armed, it follows that where they be well armed they set about favourable laws (Machiavelli).Machiavelli was helicopter in that he mum the art of providing for his populate to envision they are shelter and content, in reverting he demand prize and esteem from them. He believe, A perspicacious prince should follow confusable methods and never run stagnate in peaceful times, simply industriously assoil good ingestion of them, so that when good deal changes she may find him nimble to hold up her blows, and to puzzle hold in reverse (523).Machiavelli actions to use violence as a power of persuading results to how one want to be to be seen, whether it be cleanse to be love to a greater extent than feared, or feared more than loved (526). inactiveness can be just as dangerous as taking action, when the results are just as detrime ntal. operation in the moral sentience go out herald results with promises of hope. poove led by example, accent nonviolent resistance through his key for sit-ins and marches. He precious to subvert separationism in normal life and in theorize discrimination.Machiavelli dictated his ideas and how a leader should guide. He believe to nourish yourself from an plan of ack-ack gun is to attack others. force and Machiavelli had antithetic opinions on how to take action on issues. Their ism was uniform but their horizon routine was several(predicate) in that, tycoons speculation was to accomplish change through nonviolent resistance and Machiavelli thoughts was to use antic and imprimatur expect to his advantage. Although some(prenominal) men differ in practices their action was to picture security, love, and enjoy among men.

Should liquor ads be allowed on television Essay

Should booze ads be allowed on video recording - Essay ensampleFirstly, most spirits advertisements downplay the actual attributes of the product by focusing on the generation of im eras and contexts that show camaraderie, escape, refreshment, and relaxation. Secondly, the youths exposure to hard liquor advertisements often lease to the youths heightened interest, trial at young season or change magnitude in oftenness and volume of aspiration. From a business perspective, advertise is meant to stir the awareness, accept purchase, develop the consumption habit, and build allegiance of the commit consumers on the companys products and services. In the U.S. alone, companies deteriorate nearly $2billion every year for advertising on both mainstream and digital media, according to a position reputation empower alcoholic beverageic drink Advertising and the Youth. Furthermore, almost 2 one million million advertising placements on television convey been made surrounde d by 2001 and 2006. Approximately 20% of television alcohol advertisements were on programme that the youth age 12 to 20 were more promising to watch than adults of reasoned drinking age. This decision reinforces the assumption that the companies moderate the youth as primary target market of their advertisements. In a uniform vein, a apprise paper entitled The Advertising of Alcohol, in support of change magnitude Restrictions stated that the widen of communication venues for liquor advertisements through the gain of sponsorship, competition, and special promotions in the brands campaign jut underscore the companies polish of communicating the relevance of liquor products to the youth.

Clinical Biochemistry- Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Clinical Biochemistry- Case Study - Essay ExampleThe result of short ACTH stimulation test and ergodic serum cortisol levels confirm this suspicion.Upon doing a CT scan, adrenal glands are small, atrophic, and calcified. The damage whitethorn open been caused by an autoimmune disease or lowly to diseases such as Histoplasma, Coccidiodes, Tuberculosis infections, metastases, lymphomas, hemorrhage, amyloid, sarcoid, and hemochromatosis, to which the patient is currently suffering or has already been freed from. To see whether the adrenal gland disorder is autogenic, presence of adrenocortical autoantibodies is assayed. no(prenominal) were detected. When thorax of the patient underwent CT scan, both lungs are fibrous, and the right apex has calcifications. The fibrotic scars and the calcified right apex cavity are indications of a previous Tuberculosis infection. Because no respiratory problems were identified, the infection has already been resolved. Because Tuberculosis is common in Third World countries, and was still one of the leading causes of mortality during the 1950s, the patient may have been infected during her stay at Kenya when she worked as a missionary.Four months prior to consult, the patient felt similar symptoms, and was then found to be hyponatremic, hyperkalemic and hypoglycaemic. No only tests were reported to have been performed at that time.Plan Therapy involves hormonal replacement. Oral corticosteroids such as Fludrocortisones (Florinef) to replace aldosterone, and Hydrocortisone (Cortef), prednisone, and cortisone acetate to replace cortisol may be provided. Corticosteroid injections may also be an option, especially during Addisonian crisis, when blood pressure drops together with a decrease in blood sugar and an append in serum potassium levels.Unlike Cushings syndrome, which involves an increase in the levels of adrenal gland hormones, Addisons disease is an illness in which the adrenal glands are damages, thereby decreasing

Service Quality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

do Quality - Essay ExampleSatisfaction, Loyalty and Retention..5 Staff Recruitment, Training and Service Strategy6 TQM (total quality management).6 Chapter 2.7 Methodology.7 Chapter 3.7 Primary findings7 Chapter 4.13 Recommendations.13 Conclusion.13 Appendix14 References..17 Abstract The hospitality assiduity is surviving on high quality of services on a reasonable price. The customers are the revenue generators for the business houses and that is the reason they must be provided with the bulky quality service so they become the loyal customers. For any business empire whether it is small or big, the basal focus is how to retain their existing customers and how to watch new customers. To retain the existing customers the in-depth understanding of the customer needs is very important. The service quality has become the primary focus of most of the organizations. Mainly for the profuse food centers the service qualities are the baseline for the improvement of their performances. The service oriented factors are deeply associated with the loyalty programs (Brooks, 2010). The Service quality gap model gives the entire picture of the gaps between the service given and service expected. This paper will focus on all the aspects of having good quality services and it will move back an attempt to find out the customers perception about the best quality service. Introduction In the hospitality pains the quality speaks the ultimate word. The hospitality industry is based on the service qualities of the people in the shops or in the restaurants. For many times it has been seen that even after providing the best survives the customers are not satisfied. In these cases the reason behind the dissatisfaction is very important to understand for the fast food centers. The service gap models help the managers to understand the gaps between the service provided and the services cute by the customers. However, in the recent time it is better to know the reaction from the mouth of the real time customers. And that is the reason, the primary data collection is very important. in. The primary and secondary data are important to support the outcome of the services related to the customer satisfaction. In regards to this research, the secondary data are collected from many secondary resources like online websites, articles, books and journals related to the customer satisfaction and service quality. And the primary data are colle

Answer questions related to psycholgy subject Coursework

Answer questions related to psycholgy subject - Coursework ExampleAccording to the video, a teenager needs more than nine hours of sleep for his well-being. My parents always made sure that I get enough sleep especially during my exams. Although the quantity of time they spent with me in my teenage was less as they were both working still, the quality of time they spent communicating with me was high which compensated for their not being present 24/7. Sometimes, I wished they could talk to me more often when I would feel stressed out or emotionally disturbed. The only thing that I wish my parents would induce done in my teenage is taking me out so that we could spend some time together outdoors as well.I have versed that, in order to reduce stress, it is important to drag myself to relax physically and mentally. I should do meditation or yoga function to de-stress myself. I should calm rectify my muscles and tell myself to relax no matter how much stress I am into. Since stress a ffects ones ability to increase blood drag and shut down pregnancy, it is something I should manage to save future inconveniences. High blood pressure cause cardiac problems which I definitely would not similar to have, thus I will learn stress management techniques.How much control should parents have over their childs genetic makeup is clear-cut by Nature and not by the parents. No parents till date have been able to create the best baby according to their desires by manipulating with the genes, as the video says. Scientists believe that man knows very little of the complex machine that carries genes, and fiddleing with genes is rather more complex. Man has been able to genetically modify animals and plants, scarce making changes to the genetic makeup of a child has not been possible as yet. Parents might want to operate with their unborn childs genes hardly Nature has not given them full control over the genetic machinery.To foster healthy relationship with children, parent s need to enjoy the bonding they share with them, play with them,

Discussion Board Question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Discussion Board Question - Assignment ExampleThe policies before and after 1986 had a alike naturalization rule of setting a residence requirement of two years. Policies were expanded for exclusion and deportation of subversives whereby all aliens had to report their address every year.In 1988, a mandate was made to increase border patrol agents. The agents increased by twice as much by 2004. Also, there was provision to arouse national and border security by increasing border fencing, surveillance and detainment of unauthorized border crossing.Religion has influenced me in such a way that I am now able to work and get along with other people. Religion has enabled me to avoid engaging in unhealthy activities such as drug abuse. People are reluctant to talk about religion because some individuals have mystical experiences whereby, they tend to think that their relationship with religion is intimate and should non be divulged to others (Schaefer, 2011). Religion reflects conservat ive and liberal positions on social issues as it describes peoples views. For example, the conservative rules describe views of various Christians on specific issues different liberalism. Another example is that liberalism can support homosexuality in a society while conservative religion can reject

Operational Amplifiers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

in operation(p) Amplifiers - Assignment ExampleIn case the wind is to be used as a gain block, an amplifier that is ideal should have infinite gain. Similarly, the input impedance of the amplifier should also be infinite so as not to draw any power from the driving source.The most commonly used method for analysing stability of an amplifier is the Bode analysis. The basis of measurement here is invention of an open loop magnitude and contour plot to attain the stability for a closed loop. These are also indicators of gain and phase margin. Derivation of the phase margin is done by finding the intersection of the unity gain frequency retort of closed loop curve to the open loop response curve (Schmid, 1995). At this frequency the phase will be read from the phase plot. Then the value gotten is subtracted from one hundred and eighty degrees to get the craved phase margin. Gain margin terminate also be determined in the magnitude plot by the frequency at 180 degrees.Operational am plifiers are linear devices possessing all the qualities that are required to have ideal amplification of direct current. Operational amplifiers are used for filtering or conditioning signal. They can also used to subtract, add, integrate and differentiate mathematical operations. An ideal amplifier consists of three goals. The negative terminal is the inverting input while the positive terminal is the Non-inverting input. The last terminal is the output port of an operational amplifier.When the same circuit is considered in terms of impedance, R1 = Z1, R2 = Z2. Capacitors and inductors effectively change their impedance dependent upon frequency (ZC = 1/jC). With capacitors in the circuit as in Figures 1 and 2, will be determined by frequency.The gain of the amplifier is constant as the frequency of the signal increases from 1 Hz to around 200Hz. As the frequency of the signal increases beyond the low break frequency i.e. 200Hz the gain increases until it reaches its

Early Greek Legacy - Choice of topics listed Essay

Early Greek Legacy - Choice of topics listed - Essay Exampledid not have any belief in material image of divinity- no creature can represent the creator. Whereas in Eastern religions like Hinduism, the material images of divinity fudge is worshiped. They believed in the personality of human of being in God like he could be angry, even jealous, but his primary attributes were righteousness, justice mercy, truth and faithfulness. He is represented as king, Judge and shepherd. Whereas in Hinduism various deities are worshiped at shrines the divine trinities, representing the cyclical nature of the universe, are Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver, and Shiva the destroyer.The first books of Hebraic law contain level-headed writings of Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers. The fifth book of the Bible was called Deuteronomy Second Law primarily a report of the last words and deeds of Moses. It contains numerous laws, a great deal in the context of interpretation and preaching whereas H indu law preaches the birth, death and rebirth of living things, and its precepts cover many more activities than does any secular legal system.The Hebrew people gave Torah special reverence than the portion of the Hebrew Bible because the written Torah which consists of the five books of Moses, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy .The scrolls are considered mostly holy. Whereas the Hebrew Bible which is also called as the Jewish Bible even though it consists of Hebrew Scriptures, 39 books originally written in Hebrew, except for a few sections in Aramaic, the script of Hebrew Bible was not given importance while compared to Torah which valued the tradition without any modification.In the case of the covenant between God and the Hebrew people, Gods obligation is conceived as the defense or vindication of the people .His righteousness is shown by his saving arts see, for instance ,psalms 982Isaiah 515 Hebrews obligation on the other hand ,is to obey the will of God a s disclosed in the Torah, the law. Yes, each party reward the

The role of Tropomyosin in Zebrafish development Dissertation

The role of Tropomyosin in Zebrafish development - Dissertation ExampleTropomyosin is a long protein bank composed of two fully alpha helical chains in a coiled-coil dimmer, and binds along the length of the actin filament. It is also bound to bead-like protein complex, troponin, in which, together, they regulate the actin-myosin interactions in muscle contraction (Biology Online). They ar the one moving the actin filament through generating force by elongating one end of the filament coupled with shrinkage of the other, create net movement of the intervening strand. And as actin filaments are moved, they act like a molecular switch for the movement of myosin molecules that are attach to the actin filaments and walks along them. because cell division and morphing follows. Thus, Tropomyosin plays a significant role in cell morphology, as well as cell division, size and shape. Zebrafish is mostly used as model for researches. They gestate a number of unique characteristics that ma kes it a fantastic species for investigating vertebrate development and for modelling human disease, genetics and biology. However, they also have disadvantages. Advantages1.Inexpensive.2.The embryos are transparent.3The embryos develop quickly they go from a single cell to something that is recognisable as a tiny fish for within 24 hours. A mouse takes 21 days.4.The embryos can be physically manipulated genetically. You can transplant a single cell or group of cells into host embryos.5.The eggs are externally fertilised embryos develop outside the mothers body... The government is willing to fund zebrafish researchers and cater screening tools which will dramatically advance the ability to pick up and characterise genes, pathways and phenotypes of interest for aging, development, organ formation, sensory processes, disease processes, and other areas. For they believe that results could be studied for the cure of some human diseases could also be made. It is apparent that blood f unction and heart development in zebrafish are similar to humans. Some mutations on zebrafish embryos might mimic human syndromes, understanding them will provide us valuable insight as to the underlying problem. Such an understanding may lead to new treatments. That is why the government encourages and is willing to fund investigator-initiated applications knowing to exploit the power of the zebrafish as a vertebrate model for biomedical and behavioral research. Reseach Methods. Tropomyosin (Tpm) proteins, encoded by four Tpm genes (Tpm14), are associated with the stabilization of the F-actin filaments and play important roles in modulating muscle contraction. So far, little is known about Tpm4 function in embryonic heart development and its involvement in the cardiovascular diseases. Study the functions of assorted isoforms of tpm4 in embryonic heartbeat in zebrafish. Generate a transgenic zebrafish line by insertion of a Tol2 transposon gene trap vector. Observe by transmission electron microscopy to reveal the ventricular myocytes of mutant fish contained. Study if Tpm1-4 would be stable for a zebrafish. 1. Fish and gene trapping. 2. TAIL-PCR, RT-PCR, and tpm4 cDNA cloning. 3. Whole-mount in situ hybridisation, mopholinos, microinjection and genotyping. 4. transmittance electron microscopy. Cited Works Zhao, Long, et. Al. Heart

Ethical Business Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical Business Model - Essay ExampleThe import of this is that not only is business ethics model an indispensible aspect of organizational management, exactly it is also crying of an organization to define and designate its model of business ethics. A Proposal on a Business-Based Ethics Model to Guide termination Making In the Workplace According to Ashcroft, Dawson and Draper (2007), one of the best business-based ethics models that can be used to guide finish making in the workplace is the organizational or company culture. Organizational or company culture refers to the intangible business environment that leaders and executive managers as major decision makers dispense. In this model, these policy makers use the organizations culture to perpetuate the mission, objectives and goals on how employees are to approach their work or duties, in the course of fate the organization attain its goals. In this regard, virtues that are to help further positive and stronger organizat ional culture are to be emphasized, with these virtues being trust, integrity, professional behavior, diligence, leadership and flexibility. It is imperative that the healthcare organization in this instance seek, determine and use the most appropriate way of inculcating these virtues upon the staff. On the part of the executive managers and leaders, there will be a need to weave these very virtues into the healthcare organizations culture, so as to ensure that employees comprehend and adhere to ethical organizational or business principles (Weber, 2001). The task above can be achieved by employing different approaches. The company can for instance use organizational manuals and informal meetings to teach employees on organizational culture. The merit that consistently characterizes the use of intra-organizational manuals and meetings is the opportunity they give the management to explain the significance of ethical business behavior and to evaluate the gains that have been complet ed from the steps made. In line with this proposal is the need to open up workshops and training programs which will go a long way in back up the personnel understand the essence of business ethics. It is only through this understanding that the personnel can grasp the entire picture on the importance of incorporating organizational ethics into decision-making and work performance. Likewise, it is only when the personnel understand the import of business ethics that the restructuring of organizational can run smoothly, from an intrapersonal volition and without the risk of sabotage. The Anticipated wallop of Putting Company or Organizational Culture into Place to Be In a Healthcare Organization It is a fact that the proposed business ethics model is likely to catch with it, positive values in the organization. One of the most anticipated changes that the organizational/company ethics model will bring about is the shifting of the hospital or the healthcare organizations from focus ing on quantity and mere profit making, to being driven by the dictates of, and cause for patient-based care. This is because, globally, healthcare organizations place patient-satisfaction and the accordance of quality, ethical and patient-friendly care as the center-most point of concern and efforts. Organizational/ company ethics model comes in skilled in ensuring that this remains a reality, given that organizational ethics demand the fusing of organizatio

Sarbanes Oxley Act and Independence Responsibility View Research Paper

Sarbanes Oxley Act and Independence Responsibility View - Research Paper ExampleThe s idlerdals not only adversely unnatural the share price but also the general universal lost trust on the securities market. Hence the Sarbanes Oxley Act was formed to increase the accountability of the public company so that in future such type of scandals can be avoided.In this project a detail analysis has been made on the Sarbanes Oxley Act and independence obligation view. The US GAAP has also been analyzed in the view of the Sarbanes Oxley Act. The US companies prepare the financial statement as per the US GAAP but due to the enactment of this act the public companies has to give some more disclosure apart from GAAP. This project involves a detail analysis of the problems of the Sarbanes Act and the US GAAP. The study also includes how and to what extent the act has impacted to the investor, officers of the company, directors, members and other stakeholders. At the end recommendations have b een made on how the problems of this act can be solved and investors interest can be protected.Brief Overview of Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002Sarbanes Oxley Act was enacted on July 30th, 2002. It increased the sanders to be maintained by exclusively the public companies, its management and accounting firms.... It increased the sanders to be maintained by all the public companies, its management and accounting firms. The name of this law was given later on the name of the US senator and US representative Paul S Sarbanes and Michael G Oxley respectively. This act has eleven main elements. They are as follows- a) Public Company news report Oversight Board- This part contains nine sections. These are related to administration, establishment, audit, commission, accounting standards etc. This board also gives guidance on registration of auditors and also specifies the rules and procedures for conducting audit. b) Auditors Independence- This title principally signifies the standards regar ding the independence of the external auditors. It contains nine sections. These sections deals with the criteria for approval and preapproval of auditors, rotation of audit partners, audit reports and everything related to the auditors and their work. c) Corporate responsibility- This part contain eight sections which deals with the companys responsibility toward financial reports, forfeiture of profits and bonuses, audit committees of public company etc. As per this title the executives of the company should make sure that the financial reports are absolute and complete. It also signifies the penalties for non compliance of the guidelines. d) Enhanced financial disclosure- This part contains nine sections. This part signifies that the financial statements should also disclose those transactions which are not represented in the balance sheet. It also signifies the ethics to be followed by the financial officers. e) Analyst Conflicts of Interest- This part signifies the measures wh ich should be taken so that the investor can trust the security psychoanalysts reports. It contains

Business Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Communications - Essay ExampleIn the equal demeanor the mogulfulness point presentations devised by the managers to transmit a potential business message to the butt joint business audience also gains effectiveness in that the same contributes in development of business or in meeting objectives relating to profit and business growth. so the knowledge transmitted whether through media or through power point presentations mustiness indeed be sensible enough in meeting the information require of the target audiences to help achieve the end objectives. Thus Jerry Weissman is definitely right in putting the statement media sensibility applied to business community. Thus a power point presentation created by a business community needs to follow or satisfy certain salient points in order to become sensible in its approach. hither the power point presentation is to be considered as a potential medium like the broadcasting programs aired on television or radio through which the right and effective message needs to be conveyed to the target audience. Firstly the presentation must be prepared to render points in a clarified fashion to help the audience get a clear understanding of the message that is needed to be conveyed. Secondly apart from having clear points of judgment the presentation must also have clear benefits or positive attributes such that it contributes in the development of the present business situation. Thirdly it must be kept in mid by the presenter that the information need to possess a clear flow or structure to help the target audience grab the sequence of the information flow. Overlapping or leap in the flow of the information renders surprise to the information processing function and thereby distorts the meaning of the message conveyed. Similarly in the fourth case the power point presentation must not contain information that is irrelevant or excess in nature. Rather information rendered must be effectively evaluated as such t hat contributes in meeting the information objectives of the end recipient. Finally the information rendered through the power point medium must not be over exhaustive. Rather the length of the message must be cut con to reduce the element of boredom relating to the end recipients. These things kept in mind would contribute in enhancing the efficacy of the power point presentations in acting as a potential medium for transmission of business messages to the target business audiences. Therefore an efficient presenter needs to effectively evaluate the information needs of the audiences and thereby streamline essential information to satisfy end needs and objectives (Weissman 1-10). The presenter while designing an effective power point presentation must endeavor to relate the concept and understandings of the different slides so as to convey a central meaning to the audiences. Each of the different slides presented tends to put in bearing of the recipients an entire new story or und erstanding. The recipient failing to relate the story or concepts presented in each of the different slides happens to gain significant confusion about the total presentation. This failure of the recipients in availing a central meaning distorts the level of understanding of the recipients and thereby causes the rise of perceptual differences among the participants. Participants or recipients in the power point p

Literature- Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Literature- Poetry - Essay ExampleEasily understanding the conceptual allegory that life is a journey, when applied to the poem, those who choose to look beyond the imagery determine that the poem is telling us that individuals should strive to follow their own caterpillar track in life rather than attempting to follow the paths that have been mapped out for them by others. It isnt bad advice, but it isnt exactly what Frost had in mind. fit to biographer Larry Finger (1978), Frost once told an audience, You have to be careful of that one its a tricky poem - very tricky (478) when referring to The Road non Taken. While the conceptual metaphor still applies, a close reading of the textual cues of the poem indicate that Frost is not recommending which road should be selected, provided providing a warning that, once selected, it is impossible to know what might have been missed had one followed the other way.Generally speaking, a conceptual metaphor is outlined as a metaphor that is so basic in the way people think approximately something that they fail to perceive that it is a metaphor ( abstract Metaphor, 2007). It is an idea that is brought forward by Lakoff and Johnson that illustrates that this connection is made at such a deep level that it cannot be avoided. Lakoff and Johnson revealed, through theoretical credit line supported by empirical investigation, the centrality of metaphor to thought exemplified in the ubiquity of metaphorical forms in everyday, conventional language (Bailey, 2003). In other words, it is the means by which we are able to discuss our ideas and beliefs with others, which requires a shared language and cultural base and serves as a means by which we define ourselves. Accordingly, we talk about things the way we conceive of them, and this is fashioned through and grounded in experience and culture our basic conceptual system is fundamentally

Is the Kyoto Treaty a Success in Addressing the Rise in Greenhouse Gas Research Paper

Is the Kyoto Treaty a Success in Addressing the Rise in Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Research motif ExampleInitially adopted in Kyoto, Japan in 1997, this treaty, however, has not yet been ratified by major countries and some other industrial countries corresponding Canada drive even withdrawn from the treaty. (The Guardian,). The lack of proper ratification and adoption of the treaty by major industrial nations have put serious doubts everyplace the ability of the treaty to actually enforce communications protocols required to reduce the overall greenhouse gas emissions by countries which are responsible for most of the worlds greenhouse gas emissions. (Ross,95) Over a period of time, despite the fact that countries have been able to cut greenhouse emissions, the over general emission levels have increased. These trends have put serious questions over the ability of treaty to successfully control the greenhouse emissions from the major industrialized nations of the world. This pap er will argue whether the Kyoto protocol was successful in controlling greenhouse emissions or not. Climate Change & Greenhouse Emissions Over the period of time, scientific evidence emerged which suggested a climate replace being caused by the way humans actually interact with their environment. The rapid industrialization witnessed by major developed countries during the 20th century is considered as iodin of the key reasons behind this climate change. With over 100 years of greenhouse emission, the overall ecosystem of the earth is believed to be out of balance and a clear hire for reducing the emission was recognized in order to stabilize the earths environment. (Henson,15) During the 1990s, environmental issues became a strategic concern and for the first time, it was recognized that at that place is a clear need for putting into practice certain standards and efforts which can obligate industrial nations to actually reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. The 1990s truism great diplomatic efforts to actually develop a comprehensive framework for industrialized nations to actually agree upon certain standards to reduce greenhouse emissions. These diplomatic efforts last resulted in the development and introduction of what is now called the Kyoto protocol or the Kyoto treaty. (Grubb, Vrolijk, Brack, & Energy and Environmental Programme,54)

Critical commentary of two articles on Indigenous Australian Essay

Critical commentary of two articles on Indigenous Australian - Essay ExampleThe article, therefore, makes a reasoned cause when it indicates that indigenous Australians must be credited for their role in conservation of the environment and the countrys cultural heritage.Talbots article is passing relevant to environment studies, since it proposes that conservation is best addressed from the roots. In this light, the author posits that Australias aboriginals would aid in these efforts, since their role in protecting and managing the environment is inherently linked to their traditional knowledge and responsibility, as custodians and protectors of the land they occupy. The article is also pertinent to the course, because it identifies some of the gaps that persist in Australias environment conservation efforts, as well as, potential mitigation measures.The article highlights several principle environmental, social and cultural issues. For example, it takes note of the fact that the re have been few processes for acknowledging and getting hold from Aboriginals, while developing global heritage nominations. As a result, majority of the indigenous Australians feel isolated and disregarded, in the environment and heritage conservation efforts (Talbot, 2012). The article emphasizes that national government must formulate national policies on conservation, while engaging indigenous persons in the formal discussions. In addition, this article stresses that research institutions, governmental and non-governmental organizations should value cultural and ecological knowledge systems of the indigenous people. Talbot has written the article from the perspective of a concerned Australia citizen, and as an Aboriginal advocating for his peoples intelligence in environmental conservation.The principal argument against the principal assertions of this article is that, the national government should independently make policies on environment and heritage preservation. The val idity of this argument is

Why America Bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki Essay Example for Free

Why America Bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki EssayIt was during the Second World War that the regular army dropped two nuclear bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki cities of japan. This caused a lot of destruction with its negative effects being felt up to date. Monuments have been erected on the places where the bombs hit Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Hundreds of thousands of masses died in these two cities adjacent the dropping of weapons of mass destruction by the US following a directive from her president Harry S. Truman.This was after japan fai conduct to agree to surr stoper during the war as was agreed in Potsdam where issuance of declaration was done to push Japan to give in to the war (Kennedy, Bailey, 99). in concert with the then president of the China Republic and the United Kingdom Prime Minister, Truman came up with a document enumerating terms of surrender to Japan upon which if it failed to adhere to would represent the consequences. Japan on its part thought it was jus t a mere threat and therefore failed to surrender. This prompted the USA president to mobilize the bombing of the two cities. fit to reports, the dropping of the first atomic bomb- the little boy on Hiroshima was a test of the capability of destruction. This though did non move Japan, a situation that led to the dropping of the second atomic bomb- the fat man on Nagasaki killing and maiming an estimate of 35,000- 80,000 people, some instantly and others afterwards because of after- effects. War had been raging on crossways the pacific from 1939. Some Japanese cities had been bombed before the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the U. S.A, which were spared but for just a while.This is because there was a stalemate between the two countries- Japan and the U. S. A. The US government was also prompted by the acts of Japanese military of attacking the Pearl Harbor. U. S. A decided therefore to force Japan to admit overcome in the war, an event that did not go well with Japan, thus resisting it. Japans worry was the inclusion of the words Unconditional Surrender in the pledge issued by the U. S. A regarding ceasefire (Walker, 28). Without warning so as not to be prevented on its mission, U. S.A decided to drop the bombs on Japan.This was on anticipation that because they were scrap for disarmament and dropping of use of nuclear weapons the process of forcing Japan to surrender would not succeed because of interjections by other parties to the war. Japan had waged war against the U. S. A following the Pacific war, a situation that led to many an(prenominal) U. S. A citizens to lose their lives and property destroyed. These bombings were not an easy task to accomplish. On humanitarian grounds, using atomic bombs would cause much unwanted suffering and aggression.On moral grounds, it would be really wrong to do it as taking away human lifespan is wrong considering that life is sacred. Though Japan was determined to make peace with the U. S. A, the only thing that hindered this decision was the words Unconditional Surrender. With calls for demonstration of the deed of the bombs to the Japanese civilians unheeded, the bombings were inevitable. Petitions for the withdrawal of the use of atomic bombs by the U. S on Japan were uncalled for and already too late as tests of the effective destruction by the bombs had already been conducted.At this point, nothing seemed to stop the inevitable bombing as the then president of the US (Truman) issued an order to use atomic bombs (Newman, 21). Hiroshima was a chat hub as well as a military center. Nagasaki was an industrial town and a port with plants to make military weapons giving the more reason they should be attacked, the purpose being to derail the Japanese militants. The scientist behind the making of the atomic bombs used on Japan regretted the use of these bombs. Driven by personal credence and conscience, this scientist never wanted the use of the bombs at all on Japan.This implies that he foresaw the destruction the bombs would cause with regard to human life and humanity. The explanation given by President Truman on the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was that they were military bases and that he wished to avoid the bombing of women and children, reports indicate that over 95 % of those killed and maimed were civilians and not militants. US wanted to end and win the war, but Japan would not accept prompting dire measures to be taken upon it. Another reason given was to save Americans from the war and not only them but also Japanese as well.Resources also were being protected from further destruction. It is for certain that he USA took advantage of her technological advance to attack Japan with the atomic bombs (Kennedy, Bailey, 101). This is because it was the first time atomic bombs were being used, just shortly after their discovery. Following the demise of the American soldiers killed by Japanese military forces during the war, revenge seemed another drivi ng factor to the bombing of the two cities. The decision by the USA militants to block entry of oil tankers and food entranceway the country of Japan could have propelled the Japanese to surrender.This is because it means that people could no live because of lack of food and no traveling as all data track engines would be deprived of what is the most important-oil causing everything to go into disarray. More diplomatic tactics would be used as use of excessive force was unnecessary. Chances of arbitrement or mediation were there, but US decided on the use of force. It might have been a revenge mission but which cost so many lives with claims of saving even more lives. It might be true the allegations, but where is the rationale behind the bombings considering that Japan had every indication of surrendering in the war?The US troops had largely won the war though a considerable number lost their lives, very little force therefore would be required to claim Japans adamancy to surrende r. This would include just the normal warfare between militants. The fact that US was fighting back the attack of the pearl harbor did not give her reason to interfere with the internal organization of Japan as a country, it should have just left Japan to quell with its cultural practice of having an emperor and convincing the countrys citizens on the importance of having peace and maintaining it (Wainstock, 12).Forcing the country to abandon its practice which was known and practiced for many years meant resistance with an eminent danger of sparking unrelenting war. Instead of using force, it should have used reasoning and logic to convince the people of the country to disclaim tyrannical kind of a rule. Therefore, even though the bombings act was widely acceptable by most of the Americans in solving the stalemate, it brought about gnawing memories to the people of Japan. The upshot situation can best be described as that of devastation and hopelessness to the victims.

MacBeth versions comparison essay Essay Example for Free

MacBeth versions comparison essay EssayThere are many another(prenominal) differences between interpretations of William Shakespeares MacBeth. This essay wall contrast Shakespeares original version and a movie version by Roman Polanski produced in 1970. Three major differences pull up stakes be discussed.One difference between Shakespeares and Polanskis version is the absence of the photograph in England in Polanskis version. In the Original MacBeth, MacDuff goes to England to convince Malcolm to return and fight MacBeth. The scene of the longest of the play it is very drawn out and lengthy. Polanski simply eliminates this scene and shows Malcolm back in Scotland. The reason I feel that Polanski did this is that the scene detracts from the continuity and accomplishment of the play. The play is equally effective without the scene, and more streamlined.Another difference between the original and Polanskis version is the scene where MacBeth kills the king, Duncan. In the orig inal, Shakespeare was not allowed to show the death of a divine right ruler, so he showed MacBeth coming out of the kings bedchamber after he had committed the murder. For Polanskis version, however, he had no such limitation, and could show anything that he chose, so he showed the actual murder of Duncan, where Duncan wakes up, and MacBeth cuts his throat after stabbing him. The reason that Polanski inserted this scene was to show how cold-blooded MacBeth was, and that he would do anything to achieve his finale of becoming king.A third difference is the use of the letter that MacBeth writes to his wife describing how he has become Thane of Cawdor and the witches three predictions. In the original, the letter was read by madam MacBeth, and then not mentioned again. In Polanskis version, Lady MacBeth takes out the letter after everything with her and her husbands plan has gone wrong, reads it, and then kills herself. The reason that Polanski did this is that the letter is a useful widget to cause Lady MacBeth to kill herself. She reads the letter, and its all this happy news, but she and MacBeth are miserable, and all the good things in the letter have gone awry.There are scenes also in Polanskis version which are not even included in the original. One of these such scenes would be the scene where the traitors from the war are macrocosm executed. They are brutally hung with cast iron brackets on their neck. This scene is very successful in showing the brutal treatment of traitors, the treatment that MacBeth would get if he was caught in his plan. The original did not do such a good job on this.Another of these such scenes would be the dreams that MacBeth has about Fleance killing him and Banquo percentage him. Due to the extreme lack of technology in Shakespeares time, this was not possible. The dreams sequence serves to show how haunted MacBeths dreams are, and how worried he is about losing the throne to Fleance because of the witches predictions.There a re many differences between these two version of MacBeth, and each of them, I believe, serves its own purpose to enhance and better the play.

Nutrition - Food Essay Example for Free

Nutrition Food EssayThesis StatementMost of the college students have un healthy food preferences. Topic OutlineI.Influence of MediaA. Calorie-dense foods are passing rewarding to consume.B.Causes greater snack food consumption.II.Income of an individualA.Eating healthy is expensive.B.Low income individual eat and buy cheaper foods.III.ConvenienceA.Fast and easy access1.Delivery services2.Ready to eat foodsa. frozen foods1.)TV dinners2.)shelf-stable products3.)prepared mixesB.Saves durationFood, in order to serve its purpose, should first be consumed. Under normal circumstances, food is consumed only if it is palatable enough for the consumer. It therefore becomes a great tariff of one who prepares and serves food to make the food palatable besides being nutritious and safe. Food habits do not develop in a vacuum. the like other forms of human behavior, they are the result of many personal, cultural, social, and psychological influences (Williams, 1974).Nowadays, teenagers choose food they like without considering about it contains. Because of busy life, they choose fast food, snack which is non-nutritive all over nutritive-rich ones like rice, meat, and do not care if it shortens their life, damage their health or cause many diseases. There are numerous factors that affect the food habits of from each one person within a culture. Some of this is the societal factor and the lifestyle factor. In societal factor, the food production and distribution system are trustworthy for the availability of foods which differs from region to region and country to country.Food availability influenced by the socioeconomic and political systems. On the other hand, in lifestyle, both availability and come across of food at the societal level affect the lifestyle factors of individuals. These factors includes income, occupation, place of residence, regional differences, religious beliefs, health beliefs, physiological characteristics, puberty, gender, persons state of health and lastly, the household structure and composition (Kittler Sucher, 2004).

The Inhabitants Of Wales History Essay

The Inhabitants Of Wales History EssayThe most populous Celtic friendship in Great Britain be the inhabitants of Wales in the western part of England. The welsh who call themselves Cymry and their country Cymru had been Christians long before the Angles and Saxons adopted Christianity and they are proud of their weakrary tradition the beginnings of which predate slope literature. The motif of the red dragon in the welch flag is a symbol of the Welsh peoples opposition against Anglicization and of the perpetuation of their culture and nomenclature.The number of ethnic Welsh people is not known. As for the speech community of Welsh this accounts for 0.58 million speakers and they make up 21 per cent of the total population of Wales. Some 50,000 Welsh-speakers live outside Wales in other parts of England, most of them in the region of Greater London. The level of wording maintenance has remained stable during the past two decades. Assimilation to English, though, has been a trend with continuity. About a hundred years ago there were still whatsoever 0.9 million Welsh speakers. Most speakers of Welsh live in the western and northern parts of Wales where the rates for voice communication maintenance are mingled with 40 and 50 per cent. In the South the level has fallen below 20 per cent. The Welsh language does not suffer from a lack of transmission to the jr. generation like Scottish-Gaelic ( Highland Scots). In the youngest age range (i.e. between 3 and 15 years) Welsh is spoken by 32 per cent. Proficiency in Welsh is much lower in all other age groups, even among the older generation (i.e. 24 per cent in the age range, 65 and over). At the beginning of the twentieth century there were still 0.28 million Welsh people who could not speak English but only their inwrought tongue. At the end of the twentieth century their number had been reduced to a minimum of 21,500 which is less than 1 per cent of the Welsh speech community. Those who speak Welsh are bil ingual, speaking English as second language.Together with Breton in Brittany and Cornish, formerly spoken in Cornwall, Welsh forms the Brithonic subgroup of Insular Celtic (see Irish for the Goidelic subgroup). already in the late sixth century, Welsh had developed local features which set it aside from other varieties of Celtic in Britain. The origins of Welsh literature are shrouded in the mist of medieval history. The works of two poets of the sixth century, Aneirin and Taliesin, mark the beginnings of a literary tradition in Welsh. Their literary works, though, are only preserved in manuscripts of the thirteenth century. It is assumed that the texts in the manuscripts are copies of much older originals. Highlights of medieval literature are the collection of narrative prose, the Mabinogion (eleventh thirteenth centuries), the codification of Welsh laws compiled by Hywel Dda (tenth century) and bardic lyrics composed by Dafydd ap Gwilym (thirteenth century). The translation of t he whole Bible into Welsh was completed in 1588. It appeared in a second edition in 1620, and its language became influential for the elaboration of a modern literary standard. Since the Welsh literary language continues language use of the seventeenth century it holds a bridging function between the modern and the ancient so that the connection with the medieval literature is not lost for the reader of today.Those Celtic tribes who had settled in Wales some two guanine years ago saw the advent of the popishs and experienced Roman rule over Britain. After the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 c.e. Wales was integrated into the Roman Empire as a region of military interest but Roman settlers did not come to live there. The Celts in Wales learned about Latin from the Roman administration but it was only during the time when Christianity spread over Britain that Latin became the vehicle of cultural and social innovation in the Celtic communities. The oldest level of religious terminol ogy in Welsh dates to the third and fourth century e.g. eglwys church Medieval history is dominated by the struggle of the Celts in Britain against Anglo-Saxon supremacy. The historical king Arthur who has been acknowledged as the founder of the British lineage of kings rose to legendary fame as the protector of the Celtic Christians in their fights against the Germanic heathens in Britain. In the late eighth century, the king of Mercia, Offa, had an earthen wall built to separate the Celtic territory of Wales from the Anglo-Saxon settlements. For centuries, the Celts remained west of Offas wall and the Anglo-Saxons easternmost of it. Wales was finally conquered in 1282 and annexed to England. The status of Wales as a region under the authority of the British Crown was formalized in 1536, and the monopoly of English as the language of administration was confirmed. The English rulers practised a policy of apeasement to avoid social unrest by exchanging privileges for loyalty and t o accept the Welsh aristocracy into their service. The Welsh lite was supposed to adopt the English language and English lifeways as a precondition to keeping their privileges. One of the lineages of the assimilated Welsh lite was very successful. These were the Tudors whose representatives eventually ascended the English throne. The first Tudor to rule over England was Henry VII (reigned 1509 1547). Until the eighteenth century, Welsh society was divided into an Anglicized lite of Welsh descent, loyal to the kings of England, and Welsh peasantry whose lifeways remained very much untouched by English culture. The seventeenth century saw the introduction of a Protestant movement which has dominated religious life among the Welsh up to the present, Calvinistic Methodism.Things changed with industrialization evolving, a emergence which unfolded in three stages on a prolonged horizon of time, ranging from c. 1780 to c. 1900. The area of southern Wales was of particular interest becau se of its wealth in coal. The opening of coal-mines triggered a migratory movement of greater parts of the rural population to the urban and industrialized centers of the South where assimilation pressure was difficult and language shift to English was swift. The British Education Acts of 1870 and 1889 stipulated English as the only medium of instruction at all schools and on all levels of statement (i.e. from primary to higher), and these regulations promoted radical Anglicization.The romantic, all-European interest in the preservation of the local heritage and the movement of national awakening of the nineteenth century found its concrete mirror image in the cultural activities of the Celtic Revival. In Wales, this led to the establishment of a cultural institution, the Eisteddfod (literally session), which was held for the first time in Aberdare in 1861. This is a build of fair which offers a cross-section of all domains of Welsh culture and language, including literature, th eater and the visual arts.The Welsh language has been a crucial issue in the process of social and political reforms since the 1940s. After four hundred years of a monopoly of the English language in administration in Wales Welsh was granted authorized status alongside English in 1942. This regulation first concerned only the use of both languages at court and was extended to the use of Welsh in regional and parliament elections, in 1967. savemore, a trio of Acts in the decade 1988-1998 provide a new statutory infrastructure and institutional mise en scene to enable social reform in education, language rights and governance, (Williams 2008 124). Constituents of this network of reforms are the Education Act (1988), the Welsh Language Act (1993) and the Government of Wales Act (1998) which are the pillars of Wales as an autonomous region within the United Kingdom and which provide the statutory platform for a National Assembly for Wales, established in 1999.Harald HaarmannFurthe r ReadingAitchison, John and Harold Carter. A Geography of the Welsh Language 1961-1991. Cardiff University of Wales Press, 1994.Davies, John. A History of Wales. London Penguin Books, 1994.Morris, John. The Age of Arthur. A History of the British Isles from 350 to 650. London Phoenix, 1993.Williams, Colin H. Cymric (Welsh). In Wieser Encyclopaedia Western European Languages, eds. Ulrich Ammon and Harald Haarmann, vol. 2, 109-129. Klagenfurt, Wien Ljubljana Wieser, 2008.

Rowhammer and Microarchitectural Attacks

Rowhammer and Microarchitectural AttacksProblem 1 Hardwargon Oriented Security and TrustProblem 2 Wireless communicateingProblem 1IntroductionThe analyzed paper deals with Side- telephone circuit attacks on mobile devices, providing a thorough categorization compositiond on several factors. Side-channel attacks aims to extract sensitive information fetching good of app bently harmless information leakage of computing devices, both from the SW and HW signalise of view. Side-channel attacks are initi exclusivelyy categorized as active or passive, count oning on the level of influence and involvement the attack has on the strategy. The concept of Software and Hardware attacks are identified to separate attacks that exploit, respectively, logical and physical properties of a device. Also the distance of an attacker is a rele vanguardt element in the analysis of Side-channel attacks. The authors distinguish among Local, Vicinity and Remote Side bloodline Attacks, depending on how tightfitting is the attacker to the attacked device. A comprehensive list of examples for every type of attacks is given, along with a constructive discussion on possible countermeasures.In this report, we will way on the Rowhammer and Microarchitectural attacks that will be discussed in the following paragraphs.a) Rowhammer AttackAs miniaturization of hardware architectures is pushed more and more, the density of reminiscence cells of the fluidram drives the size of these cells to a dramatic reduction in dimensions. For the intrinsic properties of DRAMs, this leads to a decreases in the charge of single cells and could cause electromagnetic coupling effects amongst cells. Rowhammer attack takes advantage of this Hardware photo.a.i) PrincipleThe Rowhammer glitch takes place in a densely-populated cell hardware environment on the wholeowing an attacker to modify storehouse cells without directly doorwaying it. The aforementioned vulnerability in DRAM cells can be exploited b y repeatedly get toing a plastered physical keeping location until a second gear flips in an next cell. A well-orchestrated Rowhammer attack could learn devastating power, even getting to have root privileges. Rowhammer base its strength on a principle called snotty-nosed Feng Shui 2 where the attacker abuses the physical memory allocator to strike precise hardware locations and cause bits to flip in attacker-chosen sensitive data. Rowhammer can be either probabilistic 3 or deterministic 4. The latter shows a greater impact as the lack of control of the start-off one could corrupt unintended data. The most strong Rowhammer attack is the double-sided Rowhammer 5, capable of having more flips in less sequence than other approaches.a.ii) computer architectureThe objective of Rowhammer attack is the DRAM. DRAM usually stores electric chargesin an grade of cells, typically implemented through a capacitor and an access transistor. Cells are then organized in rows. Thus memory c ells inherently have a limited retention time and they have to be refreshed regularly in order to keep their data. From an OS point of view, a knave soma is the smallest fixed-length adjacent block of physical memory that maps an OS memory page. From a DRAM point of view, a page frame is just a close collection of memory cells with a fixed page size (usually 4KB). With this in mind, triggering bit flips through Rowhammer is basically a race against the DRAM internal memory refresh scheme to have enough memory accesses and cause sufficient disturbance to adjacent rows.a.iii) Instruction tick off ArchitectureThe Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) is a functional specification of a processor programming interface. It is used to abstract over microarchitecture implementation details (e.g. pipelines, issue slots and compiles) that are functionally contrary to a programmer. Even though it is practically transparent, the microarchitecture incorporates a hidden state, which can be obs erved in several ways. To test whether Rowhammer can be exploited, a precise knowledge of memory cells dimension is crucial. In mobile devices, ARM processor stages the most widesp tell and used microprocessor. In 4 the authors determine the minimum memory access time that still results in bit flips by hammering 5MB of physical memory sequence increasing the time between dickens read operations by means of inserting NOP instructions. The rows are all initialized to a certain value, therefore all the changes are due to Rowhammer. Results show that up to 150 bit flips happen per minutes with around 150 ns read time.a.iv) ProcedureThe Rowhammer attack procedure is a combination of cardinal main system primitivesP1. Fast Un amassd remembering Access Enable attackers to activate alternating rows in each bank speedy enough to trigger the Rowhammer bugP2. Physical Memory Massaging The attacker tricks the dupe chemical element into storing security-sensitive data (e.g., a page table) in an attacker-chosen, vulnerable physical memory page.P3. Physical Memory Addressing To get along double-sided Rowhammer, an attacker needs to repeatedly access specific physical memory pages.Mobile devices have Direct Memory Access (DMA) mechanisms that facilitates the implementation of P1 and P3. In particular, Android devices run ION, a DMA that allows user unprivileged apps to access un hive upd physically contiguous memory. To enforce P2 the attacker tricks the physical memory allocator built in Linux (buddy allocator) so as to partition the memory in a predictable way. Accurately selecting the dimensions of memory chunks to allocate, memory cells can be exhausted through Phys Feng Shui. Once the position of Page skirt Pages (PTPs) and Page Table Entries (PTEs) is indirectly known, double-sided Rowhammer is performed. Once the desired flip triggered, write access is gained to the page table by mapping into the attacker address space. Modifying one of the attacker PTPs, any p age in physical memory can be accessed, including kernel memory.b) Microarchitectural attackThe evolution of hardware architecture lead to a wide use of cache memories. Having several levels of cache between a CPU and the main memory, helps optimizing the memory access time with respect to the clock frequency. Microarchitectural attacks take advantage of the timing style of caches (e.g. consummation times, memory accesses) to read into sensitive information.In 6 a comprehensive survey that presents microarchitectural attacks is given.b.i) PrincipleMicroarchitectural attacks are based on different cache exploitations. Among them, three main methods are identifiedPrime + Probe The attacker fills one or more sets of the cache with its own lines. Once the victim has executed, the attacker accesses its previously-loaded lines, to essay if any were evicted showing the victim have modified an address mapping the equivalent set.Flush + Reload Its the inverse of Prime+Probe where the att acker first flushes a shared line of interest. Once the victim has executed, the attacker then recharges the evicted line by touching it, measuring the time taken. A fast reload indicates that the victim touched this line (reloading it), while a slow reload indicates that it didnt.Evict + Time The attacker first tricks the victim to run, through the preload of its working set, and leave a baseline execution time. In a second step the attacker then eliminates a line and runs the victim again. The difference in execution time indicates that the analyzed line was accessed.All microarchitectural attacks are a combination of those previously explained principles. Another noteworthy approach is causing Denial of Service ( province) saturating the lower-level cache bus 7..b.ii) ArchitectureAs mentioned before, microarchitectural attacks objective is the cache. squirrel aways are organized into lines. A cache line holds a block of adjacent bytes that are taken from memory. Cache are furt her organized in levels. Each level has a different size and is carefully selected to balance service time to the next highest (smaller in dimension therefore faster) level. Caches can enforce either Virtual or Physical addressing. In Virtual addressing, L1 cache level stores the index of virtual-to-physical addresses..b.iii) Instruction Set ArchitectureThe empathizeence process of the internal state of the cache is a central parameter to perform devastating microarchitectural attacks. Analyzing the ISA of a cache can deliver the goods an attacker with useful information about the hardware structure. Several different states can be exploited and are briefly summarized hereThread-shared State cache stores information that are shared between threads. Accessing them could lead to implementation degradation of the involved threads.Core-shared state Analyzing L1 and L2 cache contention usage between competing threads, it is possible to infer the encryption keys for algorithm used in internal communication (e.g. RSA, AES).Package-shared State Running a program concurrently in different cores residing in the same package, could lead to the saturation of that packages last-level cache (LLC). The saturation affects all the lower levels, exposing sensitive data.Numa-shared State Memory controllers memory in multi-core systems are exploited to enforce DoS attacks..b.iv) ProcedureA plethora of attacks are presented in 6, therefore the procedure of the Flush + Reload for Android systems using ARM processors 8 is discussed.The most powerful methods to perform Flush + Reload is to use the Linux System Call clflush. However it is provided by the OS on x86 systems, on mobile devices using ARM this function is not available. A less powerful version of it is clearcache and is used in 8.When the attack starts, the service component inside the attacker app creates a virgin thread,which calls into its native component to conduct Flush-Reload operations in the backgroundFlush T he attacker invokes clearcache to flush a function in the code section of this shared line.Flush-Reload interval The attacker waits for a fixed time for the victim to execute the function.Reload The attacker executes the function and measures the time of execution. With a small execution time, the function has been executed (from L2 cache) by some other apps (possibly the victims).In 8 the authors show that this method is capable of detecting hardware events (touchscreen interrupts, credit card scanning) and also tracing software executions paths.c) Rowhammer vs Microarchitectural attack future(a) the categorization used in 1, both Rowhammer and Microarchitectural attacks are active software attacks that exploits physical properties of the victim device. In particular Rowhammer uses the coupling effect of DRAM cells while Microarchitectural attacks gather sensitive information through the analysis of cache timing. The two attacks act at two different levels while Rowhammer needs to work fast on an uncached DRAM, Microarchitectural attack objective are cache memories that are usually SRAM. twain of them can be applied to desktop and to mobile OS 48, as well as cloud environments.c) Mobile vs Desktop attacksMobile devices are inherently more vulnerable than Desktop computers. Their portability and close integration with everyday heart make them more available to attackers. Moreover, apps are way more easy to install on mobile devices and general carelessness helps hackers in installing malicious software. Also, with respect to desktop computers, mobile phones have several sensors that can be exploited to gather information about users behavior. But from a OS point of view, mobile OS are way more limited than Desktop OS. Specifically, Rowhammer suffers from the limited subset of features available in desktop environments (e.g. no support for huge pages, memory deduplication, MMU paravirtualization). Same limitations happens in Microarchitectural attacks for ARM , where clflush function to perform Flush + Reload is not supported.2) NAND MirroringNAND mirroring is categorized in 1 as an active local Side Channel attack that exploits physical properties out of a device chip. In particular, in 13 a NAND mirroring attack is performed on an iPhone 5c. The security of Apple iPhone 5c became an objective of study afterwards FBI recovered such mobile device from a terrorist suspect in December 2015. As FBI was unable to retrieve data, NAND mirroring was suggested by Apple technology specialists as an optimal way to gain unlimited passcode attempts so as to bruteforce it. As the encryption key is not accessible from runtime code and its hardcoded in the CPU, it is impossible to brute-force the Passcode key without the getting at the hardware level. In iPhones such memory is a NAND spud memory. In NAND memories the cells are connected in series which reduces the cell size, notwithstanding increases the number of faulty cells. For this reason, ext ernal error correction strategies are required. To help with that, NAND memory allocates additional space for error correction data. In 13 the authors desoldered the NAND memory and reverberate it on a backup file. Although this method seems promising, several challenges were encountered by the authors, who had to balance some electrical anomalies with additional circuitry and also mechanically plug in a PCB at every attempt of bruteforcing the iPhone code. Such method could be applied to Desktop Computers, precisely the complexity of NAND memories would be way higher and it may unfeasible, in terms of time and complexity, to perform such attack.CountermeasuresSide-channel attacks are discovered and presented to the scientific world on a daily basis and suitable defense mechanisms are often not yet implemented or cannot be simply deployed.Even though countermeasures are being studied, it looks like a race between attackers and system engineers trying to make systems more secure an d reliable.3.a) Rowhammer AttackCountermeasures against Rowhammer have already been thoroughly explored, but not many are actually relevant in the mobile context. Powerful functions as CLFLUSH 9 and pagemap 10 have been disabled for users apps, but Rowhammer can still be performed through JavaScript. Furthermore, analyzing the cache hits and miss could raise a flag of alarm, but methods such as 4 dont cause any miss. Error correcting codes arent even that efficient in correcting bit flips. Most hardware vendors doubled the DRAM refresh rate, but results in 11 show that refresh rate would need to be improved by 8 times. Moreover, the power consumption would increase, making this resolving not suitable for mobile devices. In Android devices Rowhammer attacks, the biggest threat is still user apps being able to access ION. Google is developing mechanisms so as to reverse it to happen in a malicious way. One solution could be to isolate ION regions controlled by user apps from kernel memory, in order to avoid adjacent regions. But even in the absence of ION an attacker could force the buddy allocator to reserve memory in kernel memory zones by occupying all the memory available for users apps. Prevention of memory exhaustion need to be considered to avoid Rowhammer countermeasures workarounds.3.b) Microarchitectural AttackAs the final goal of microarchitectural attack is deciphering cryptographic codes (e.g. AES), a straightforward approach to protect them would be to avoid having tight data-dependencies (e.g sequence of cache line accesses or branches must not depend on data). If they depend on private data, the sequence, the program is destined to leak information through the cache. The constant-time implementation of modular exponentiation approach 12 plants a good way to press out data dependency. These are more general rules to follow, whether to combat specific attacks such as Flush + Reload in mobile devices with ARM 8. Disabling the system interfaces to flush the instruction caches, the Flush-Reload side channels can be removed entirely from ARM-based devices, but feasibility and security of this method havent been studied yet. Also, by removing system calls to have accurate time from Android could abate all timing side channels. Another way to fight Flush + Reload would be by preventing physical memory sharing between apps, but that would cause the memory footprint to expand and therefore exposing the system to other Sidechannel attacks.Problem 2Protocol DesignThe proposed solution for Problem 1 is represented in Figure 1. To solve this problem, four moments in which the Path-centric channel assignment algorithm from 14 are identified B receives a tract on its Channel 1 and, as an interferer is acting on Channel 1 on node A, B cant transmit. B1 is the active subnode, B2 and B3 are inactive subnodes. B switches from Channel 1 to Channel 2 (total cost 3), and forward the packet to A through Channel 2 (total cost 3+6=9). B2 is t he active subnode, B1 and B3 are inactive subnodes. A2 is the active subnode, A1 and A3 are inactive subnodes. A can either transmit on Channel 2 and Channel 3, but transmitting on Channel 2 is more expensive, so it switches to Channel 3 (total cost 9+3=12). A3 is the active subnode, A1 and A2 are inactive subnodes A send the packet at C through Channel 3 (total cost 12+2=14).Network ApplicationsIn our K-out-of-N system we are interested in understanding how much is a probability of getting errors in sensing from N sensor, where K represent a threshold for accepting a reliable measurement. This reasoning follows the binomial distributionIn our case at each node, errors can be bring on by a false measurement (with probability ) or by channel flipping a bit during the over-the-air time (with probability ). Therefore for our N-out-of-K nodes system we haveAssuming that and are independent, the final probability of having an erroneous detection is a linear combination of the twoFor completion, the probability of a successful measurement and transmittance is .Network StandardsSpectrum scarcity is a widely known problem in the world of wireless communications. The explosive wireless traffic growth pushes academia and pains to research novel solutions to this problem. Deploying LTE in unlicensed spectrum brings up the conflict problem of LTE-WiFi coexistence. This conflict can be analyzed with a close look at 802.11 MAC level. In Figure 2, a comparison between WLAN MAC layer and what is casually called MAC in LTE is depicted 19.WiFi 802.11 uses CSMA/CA to regulate accesses in MAC layer. In CSMA, a node senses the traffic before transmitting over the channel. If a carrier signal is sensed in the channel, the node waits until its free. In particular, in CSMA/CA the backoff time of a node is exponential.In LTE, multiple access is handled through TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) meaning that all accesses to the channel are scheduled.Historically LTE has been de veloped for environments with little interference, while WiFi combats interference in ISM with CSMA. Using them in the same spectrum would see LTE peremptory over WiFi, causing sever performance degradation in both the cases. Several solutions has been proposed and implemented in the past years. Qualcomm 15 and Huawei 16 proposed a separation in time and frequency domain. In 17 a Technology Independent Multiple-Output antenna approach is presented so as to clean interfered 802.11 signals. This method was made more robust in 18 but still they relied on the fact that at least one signal from the two technologies had a clear reference. Traffic demands analysis could help mitigate the performance drop due to interference, but even with an accurate demand estimation, only one can be active at a certain time and frequency, limiting the overall throughput.When interference is high, packet transmission is corrupted and error correction strategies are needed.In WiFi, standard Forward Error subject field (FEC) is used. In FEC, a redundancy is added to the transmitted packet, so as a receiver can detect and eventually correct the wrongly authorized bits.On the other hand, LTE uses HARQ (Hybrid-Automated Repeat reQuest) which is a combination of FEC and ARQ. In the standard implementation of ARQ, redundancy bits are embedded in the packets for error detection. When a corrupted packet is received, the receiver request a new packet to the transmitter. In HARQ, FEC codes are encoded in the packet, so as the receiver can directly correct wrong bits, when a known subset of errors is detected. If an uncorrectable error happens, the ARQ method is used to request a new packet. Hybrid ARQ performs better than ARQ in low signal conditions, but leads to an unfavorable throughput when the signal is good.To better see this interference behavior, a small simulation has been performed using ns3, in particular the LAA-WiFi-coexistence library 20. The scenario was built using two cell s whose radio coverage overlaps. The technologies used are LTE Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) operating on EARFCN 255444 (5.180 GHz), and Wi-Fi 802.11n operating on channel 36 (5.180 GHz). Two base station positioned at 20 mt distance from another, and they both have one user connected to them at a distance of 10 mt. Both BS are connected to a backhaul client node that originates UDP in the downlink direction from client to UE(s). In Figure 3(a) and Figure 3(b), we see how the throughput and the number of packets received by the WiFi BS varies when the two BSs coverage area overlaps and when they are isolated (e.g. their distance is 10 Km). Other scenarios were tested Figure 4 (a) represent the scenario of two WiFi BSs and Figure 4(b) two LTE BSs. It is possible to see the behavior of the two technologies.Table 1Throughput AThroughput BPacket loss APacket loss BDistant BSs Figure 3(a)73.78 Mbps77.55 Mbps4.6%0%Interfering BSs Figure 3(b)73.62 Mbps4.95 Mbps4.8%93%Two WiFi BSsFigure 4( a)53.45 Mbps54.41 Mbps27%25%Two LTE BSsFigure 4 (b)30.88 Mbps30.4 Mbps60%61%In Figure 4(a) we can see how the channel is split between the two BSs and the Carrier Sensing Multiple Access keeps a high throughput and a low packet loss.In Figure 4(b) we can see how the interference between the two LTE cells affects the throughput and gives a high packetloss.In Table 1 results from simulations are summarized.References1 R. Spreitzer, V. Moonsamy, T. Korak, S. Mangard. Systematic Classification of Side-Channel Attacks on Mobile Devices ArXiv20162 K. Razavi, B. Gras, E. Bosman, B. Preneel, C. Giurida, and H. Bos. Flip Feng Shui Hammering a Needle in the Software Stack. In Proceedings of the twenty-fifth USENIX Security Symposium, 2016.3 D. Gruss, C. Maurice, and S. Mangard. Rowhammer.js A Remote Software-Induced FaultAttack in JavaScript. In Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Detection of Intrusions and Malware Vulnerability Assessment (DIMVA), 2016.4 V. van der Veen, Y. Fratantonio, M. Lindorfer, D. Gruss, C. Maurice, G. Vigna, H. Bos, K. Razavi, and C. Giuffrida, Drammer Deterministic Rowhammer Attacks on Mobile Platforms, in Conference on Computer and Communications Security CCS 2016. ACM, 2016,pp. 1675-1689.5 Z. B. Aweke, S. F. Yitbarek, R. Qiao, R. Das, M. Hicks, Y. Oren, and T. Austin. ANVILSoftware-Based Protection Against Next-Generation Rowhammer Attacks. In Proceedings of the 21st ACM global Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS), 2016.6 Ge, Q., Yarom, Y., Cock, D., Heiser, G. (2016).A survey of microarchitectural timing attacks and countermeasures on contemporary hardware. Journal of Cryptographic Engineering7 Dong HyukWoo and Hsien-Hsin S. Lee. Analyzing performance vulnerability due to resource denial of service attack on chip multiprocessors. In Workshop on Chip Multiprocessor Memory Systems and Interconnects, Phoenix, AZ, US, 2007.8 X. Zhang, Y. Xiao, and Y. Zhang, Return-Oriented Flush-Relo ad Side conduct on ARM and Their Implications for Android Devices in Conference on Computer and Communications Security CCS 2016. ACM, 2016, pp. 858-870.9 M. Seaborn and T. Dullien. Exploiting the DRAM Rowhammer Bug to Gain Kernel Privileges. In caustic Hat USA (BH-US), 2015.10 M. Salyzyn. AOSP Commit 0549ddb9 UPSTREAM pagemap do not leak physical addresses to non-privileged userspace. http//goo.gl/Qye2MN,November 2015.11 Y. Kim, R. Daly, J. Kim, C. Fallin, J. H. Lee, D. Lee, C. Wilkerson, K. Lai, and O. Mutlu. Flipping Bits in Memory Without Accessing Them An Experimental Study of DRAM Disturbance Errors. In Proceedings of the 41st International Symposium on ComputerArchitecture (ISCA), 2014.12 Ernie Brickell. Technologies to improve platform security. Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems11 Invited Talk, September 2011.13 S. Skorobogatov, The crude Road Towards iPhone 5c NAND Mirroring, arXiv ePrint Archive, Report 1609.04327, 2016.14 Xin, Chunsheng, Liangpin g Ma, and Chien-Chung Shen. A path-centric channel assignment framework for cognitive radio wireless networks Mobile Networks and Applications 13.5 (2008) 463-476.15 Qualcomm wants LTE deployed in unlicensed spectrum. http//www.fiercewireless.com/story/qualcomm-wants-lte-deployed-unlicen%sed-spectrum/2013-11-2116 Huawei U-LTE solution creates new market opportunities for mobile operators. http//www.huawei.com/ilink/en/about-huawei/newsroom/ press-release/HW 3%27768.17 S. Gollakota, F. Adib, D. Katabi, and S. Seshan. Clearing the RF smog making 802.11 robust to cross-technology interference. In Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, 2011.18 Y. Yubo, Y. Panlong, L. Xiangyang, T. Yue, Z. Lan, and Y. Lizhao. ZIMO building cross-technology MIMO to harmonize Zigbee smog with WiFi flash without intervention. In Proc. of MobiCom, 2013.19 Long-Term Evolution Protocol How the Standard Impacts Media Access Control Tim Godfrey WMSG Advanced Technology, http//www.nxp.com/files-static/training_presentation/TP_LTE _PHY_MAC.pdf20 https//www.nsnam.org/wiki/LAA-WiFi-Coexistence