MacBeth versions comparison essay Essay Example for Free

MacBeth versions comparison essay EssayThere are many another(prenominal) differences between interpretations of William Shakespeares MacBeth. This essay wall contrast Shakespeares original version and a movie version by Roman Polanski produced in 1970. Three major differences pull up stakes be discussed.One difference between Shakespeares and Polanskis version is the absence of the photograph in England in Polanskis version. In the Original MacBeth, MacDuff goes to England to convince Malcolm to return and fight MacBeth. The scene of the longest of the play it is very drawn out and lengthy. Polanski simply eliminates this scene and shows Malcolm back in Scotland. The reason I feel that Polanski did this is that the scene detracts from the continuity and accomplishment of the play. The play is equally effective without the scene, and more streamlined.Another difference between the original and Polanskis version is the scene where MacBeth kills the king, Duncan. In the orig inal, Shakespeare was not allowed to show the death of a divine right ruler, so he showed MacBeth coming out of the kings bedchamber after he had committed the murder. For Polanskis version, however, he had no such limitation, and could show anything that he chose, so he showed the actual murder of Duncan, where Duncan wakes up, and MacBeth cuts his throat after stabbing him. The reason that Polanski inserted this scene was to show how cold-blooded MacBeth was, and that he would do anything to achieve his finale of becoming king.A third difference is the use of the letter that MacBeth writes to his wife describing how he has become Thane of Cawdor and the witches three predictions. In the original, the letter was read by madam MacBeth, and then not mentioned again. In Polanskis version, Lady MacBeth takes out the letter after everything with her and her husbands plan has gone wrong, reads it, and then kills herself. The reason that Polanski did this is that the letter is a useful widget to cause Lady MacBeth to kill herself. She reads the letter, and its all this happy news, but she and MacBeth are miserable, and all the good things in the letter have gone awry.There are scenes also in Polanskis version which are not even included in the original. One of these such scenes would be the scene where the traitors from the war are macrocosm executed. They are brutally hung with cast iron brackets on their neck. This scene is very successful in showing the brutal treatment of traitors, the treatment that MacBeth would get if he was caught in his plan. The original did not do such a good job on this.Another of these such scenes would be the dreams that MacBeth has about Fleance killing him and Banquo percentage him. Due to the extreme lack of technology in Shakespeares time, this was not possible. The dreams sequence serves to show how haunted MacBeths dreams are, and how worried he is about losing the throne to Fleance because of the witches predictions.There a re many differences between these two version of MacBeth, and each of them, I believe, serves its own purpose to enhance and better the play.

Nutrition - Food Essay Example for Free

Nutrition Food EssayThesis StatementMost of the college students have un healthy food preferences. Topic OutlineI.Influence of MediaA. Calorie-dense foods are passing rewarding to consume.B.Causes greater snack food consumption.II.Income of an individualA.Eating healthy is expensive.B.Low income individual eat and buy cheaper foods.III.ConvenienceA.Fast and easy access1.Delivery services2.Ready to eat foodsa. frozen foods1.)TV dinners2.)shelf-stable products3.)prepared mixesB.Saves durationFood, in order to serve its purpose, should first be consumed. Under normal circumstances, food is consumed only if it is palatable enough for the consumer. It therefore becomes a great tariff of one who prepares and serves food to make the food palatable besides being nutritious and safe. Food habits do not develop in a vacuum. the like other forms of human behavior, they are the result of many personal, cultural, social, and psychological influences (Williams, 1974).Nowadays, teenagers choose food they like without considering about it contains. Because of busy life, they choose fast food, snack which is non-nutritive all over nutritive-rich ones like rice, meat, and do not care if it shortens their life, damage their health or cause many diseases. There are numerous factors that affect the food habits of from each one person within a culture. Some of this is the societal factor and the lifestyle factor. In societal factor, the food production and distribution system are trustworthy for the availability of foods which differs from region to region and country to country.Food availability influenced by the socioeconomic and political systems. On the other hand, in lifestyle, both availability and come across of food at the societal level affect the lifestyle factors of individuals. These factors includes income, occupation, place of residence, regional differences, religious beliefs, health beliefs, physiological characteristics, puberty, gender, persons state of health and lastly, the household structure and composition (Kittler Sucher, 2004).

The Inhabitants Of Wales History Essay

The Inhabitants Of Wales History EssayThe most populous Celtic friendship in Great Britain be the inhabitants of Wales in the western part of England. The welsh who call themselves Cymry and their country Cymru had been Christians long before the Angles and Saxons adopted Christianity and they are proud of their weakrary tradition the beginnings of which predate slope literature. The motif of the red dragon in the welch flag is a symbol of the Welsh peoples opposition against Anglicization and of the perpetuation of their culture and nomenclature.The number of ethnic Welsh people is not known. As for the speech community of Welsh this accounts for 0.58 million speakers and they make up 21 per cent of the total population of Wales. Some 50,000 Welsh-speakers live outside Wales in other parts of England, most of them in the region of Greater London. The level of wording maintenance has remained stable during the past two decades. Assimilation to English, though, has been a trend with continuity. About a hundred years ago there were still whatsoever 0.9 million Welsh speakers. Most speakers of Welsh live in the western and northern parts of Wales where the rates for voice communication maintenance are mingled with 40 and 50 per cent. In the South the level has fallen below 20 per cent. The Welsh language does not suffer from a lack of transmission to the jr. generation like Scottish-Gaelic ( Highland Scots). In the youngest age range (i.e. between 3 and 15 years) Welsh is spoken by 32 per cent. Proficiency in Welsh is much lower in all other age groups, even among the older generation (i.e. 24 per cent in the age range, 65 and over). At the beginning of the twentieth century there were still 0.28 million Welsh people who could not speak English but only their inwrought tongue. At the end of the twentieth century their number had been reduced to a minimum of 21,500 which is less than 1 per cent of the Welsh speech community. Those who speak Welsh are bil ingual, speaking English as second language.Together with Breton in Brittany and Cornish, formerly spoken in Cornwall, Welsh forms the Brithonic subgroup of Insular Celtic (see Irish for the Goidelic subgroup). already in the late sixth century, Welsh had developed local features which set it aside from other varieties of Celtic in Britain. The origins of Welsh literature are shrouded in the mist of medieval history. The works of two poets of the sixth century, Aneirin and Taliesin, mark the beginnings of a literary tradition in Welsh. Their literary works, though, are only preserved in manuscripts of the thirteenth century. It is assumed that the texts in the manuscripts are copies of much older originals. Highlights of medieval literature are the collection of narrative prose, the Mabinogion (eleventh thirteenth centuries), the codification of Welsh laws compiled by Hywel Dda (tenth century) and bardic lyrics composed by Dafydd ap Gwilym (thirteenth century). The translation of t he whole Bible into Welsh was completed in 1588. It appeared in a second edition in 1620, and its language became influential for the elaboration of a modern literary standard. Since the Welsh literary language continues language use of the seventeenth century it holds a bridging function between the modern and the ancient so that the connection with the medieval literature is not lost for the reader of today.Those Celtic tribes who had settled in Wales some two guanine years ago saw the advent of the popishs and experienced Roman rule over Britain. After the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 c.e. Wales was integrated into the Roman Empire as a region of military interest but Roman settlers did not come to live there. The Celts in Wales learned about Latin from the Roman administration but it was only during the time when Christianity spread over Britain that Latin became the vehicle of cultural and social innovation in the Celtic communities. The oldest level of religious terminol ogy in Welsh dates to the third and fourth century e.g. eglwys church Medieval history is dominated by the struggle of the Celts in Britain against Anglo-Saxon supremacy. The historical king Arthur who has been acknowledged as the founder of the British lineage of kings rose to legendary fame as the protector of the Celtic Christians in their fights against the Germanic heathens in Britain. In the late eighth century, the king of Mercia, Offa, had an earthen wall built to separate the Celtic territory of Wales from the Anglo-Saxon settlements. For centuries, the Celts remained west of Offas wall and the Anglo-Saxons easternmost of it. Wales was finally conquered in 1282 and annexed to England. The status of Wales as a region under the authority of the British Crown was formalized in 1536, and the monopoly of English as the language of administration was confirmed. The English rulers practised a policy of apeasement to avoid social unrest by exchanging privileges for loyalty and t o accept the Welsh aristocracy into their service. The Welsh lite was supposed to adopt the English language and English lifeways as a precondition to keeping their privileges. One of the lineages of the assimilated Welsh lite was very successful. These were the Tudors whose representatives eventually ascended the English throne. The first Tudor to rule over England was Henry VII (reigned 1509 1547). Until the eighteenth century, Welsh society was divided into an Anglicized lite of Welsh descent, loyal to the kings of England, and Welsh peasantry whose lifeways remained very much untouched by English culture. The seventeenth century saw the introduction of a Protestant movement which has dominated religious life among the Welsh up to the present, Calvinistic Methodism.Things changed with industrialization evolving, a emergence which unfolded in three stages on a prolonged horizon of time, ranging from c. 1780 to c. 1900. The area of southern Wales was of particular interest becau se of its wealth in coal. The opening of coal-mines triggered a migratory movement of greater parts of the rural population to the urban and industrialized centers of the South where assimilation pressure was difficult and language shift to English was swift. The British Education Acts of 1870 and 1889 stipulated English as the only medium of instruction at all schools and on all levels of statement (i.e. from primary to higher), and these regulations promoted radical Anglicization.The romantic, all-European interest in the preservation of the local heritage and the movement of national awakening of the nineteenth century found its concrete mirror image in the cultural activities of the Celtic Revival. In Wales, this led to the establishment of a cultural institution, the Eisteddfod (literally session), which was held for the first time in Aberdare in 1861. This is a build of fair which offers a cross-section of all domains of Welsh culture and language, including literature, th eater and the visual arts.The Welsh language has been a crucial issue in the process of social and political reforms since the 1940s. After four hundred years of a monopoly of the English language in administration in Wales Welsh was granted authorized status alongside English in 1942. This regulation first concerned only the use of both languages at court and was extended to the use of Welsh in regional and parliament elections, in 1967. savemore, a trio of Acts in the decade 1988-1998 provide a new statutory infrastructure and institutional mise en scene to enable social reform in education, language rights and governance, (Williams 2008 124). Constituents of this network of reforms are the Education Act (1988), the Welsh Language Act (1993) and the Government of Wales Act (1998) which are the pillars of Wales as an autonomous region within the United Kingdom and which provide the statutory platform for a National Assembly for Wales, established in 1999.Harald HaarmannFurthe r ReadingAitchison, John and Harold Carter. A Geography of the Welsh Language 1961-1991. Cardiff University of Wales Press, 1994.Davies, John. A History of Wales. London Penguin Books, 1994.Morris, John. The Age of Arthur. A History of the British Isles from 350 to 650. London Phoenix, 1993.Williams, Colin H. Cymric (Welsh). In Wieser Encyclopaedia Western European Languages, eds. Ulrich Ammon and Harald Haarmann, vol. 2, 109-129. Klagenfurt, Wien Ljubljana Wieser, 2008.

Rowhammer and Microarchitectural Attacks

Rowhammer and Microarchitectural AttacksProblem 1 Hardwargon Oriented Security and TrustProblem 2 Wireless communicateingProblem 1IntroductionThe analyzed paper deals with Side- telephone circuit attacks on mobile devices, providing a thorough categorization compositiond on several factors. Side-channel attacks aims to extract sensitive information fetching good of app bently harmless information leakage of computing devices, both from the SW and HW signalise of view. Side-channel attacks are initi exclusivelyy categorized as active or passive, count oning on the level of influence and involvement the attack has on the strategy. The concept of Software and Hardware attacks are identified to separate attacks that exploit, respectively, logical and physical properties of a device. Also the distance of an attacker is a rele vanguardt element in the analysis of Side-channel attacks. The authors distinguish among Local, Vicinity and Remote Side bloodline Attacks, depending on how tightfitting is the attacker to the attacked device. A comprehensive list of examples for every type of attacks is given, along with a constructive discussion on possible countermeasures.In this report, we will way on the Rowhammer and Microarchitectural attacks that will be discussed in the following paragraphs.a) Rowhammer AttackAs miniaturization of hardware architectures is pushed more and more, the density of reminiscence cells of the fluidram drives the size of these cells to a dramatic reduction in dimensions. For the intrinsic properties of DRAMs, this leads to a decreases in the charge of single cells and could cause electromagnetic coupling effects amongst cells. Rowhammer attack takes advantage of this Hardware photo.a.i) PrincipleThe Rowhammer glitch takes place in a densely-populated cell hardware environment on the wholeowing an attacker to modify storehouse cells without directly doorwaying it. The aforementioned vulnerability in DRAM cells can be exploited b y repeatedly get toing a plastered physical keeping location until a second gear flips in an next cell. A well-orchestrated Rowhammer attack could learn devastating power, even getting to have root privileges. Rowhammer base its strength on a principle called snotty-nosed Feng Shui 2 where the attacker abuses the physical memory allocator to strike precise hardware locations and cause bits to flip in attacker-chosen sensitive data. Rowhammer can be either probabilistic 3 or deterministic 4. The latter shows a greater impact as the lack of control of the start-off one could corrupt unintended data. The most strong Rowhammer attack is the double-sided Rowhammer 5, capable of having more flips in less sequence than other approaches.a.ii) computer architectureThe objective of Rowhammer attack is the DRAM. DRAM usually stores electric chargesin an grade of cells, typically implemented through a capacitor and an access transistor. Cells are then organized in rows. Thus memory c ells inherently have a limited retention time and they have to be refreshed regularly in order to keep their data. From an OS point of view, a knave soma is the smallest fixed-length adjacent block of physical memory that maps an OS memory page. From a DRAM point of view, a page frame is just a close collection of memory cells with a fixed page size (usually 4KB). With this in mind, triggering bit flips through Rowhammer is basically a race against the DRAM internal memory refresh scheme to have enough memory accesses and cause sufficient disturbance to adjacent rows.a.iii) Instruction tick off ArchitectureThe Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) is a functional specification of a processor programming interface. It is used to abstract over microarchitecture implementation details (e.g. pipelines, issue slots and compiles) that are functionally contrary to a programmer. Even though it is practically transparent, the microarchitecture incorporates a hidden state, which can be obs erved in several ways. To test whether Rowhammer can be exploited, a precise knowledge of memory cells dimension is crucial. In mobile devices, ARM processor stages the most widesp tell and used microprocessor. In 4 the authors determine the minimum memory access time that still results in bit flips by hammering 5MB of physical memory sequence increasing the time between dickens read operations by means of inserting NOP instructions. The rows are all initialized to a certain value, therefore all the changes are due to Rowhammer. Results show that up to 150 bit flips happen per minutes with around 150 ns read time.a.iv) ProcedureThe Rowhammer attack procedure is a combination of cardinal main system primitivesP1. Fast Un amassd remembering Access Enable attackers to activate alternating rows in each bank speedy enough to trigger the Rowhammer bugP2. Physical Memory Massaging The attacker tricks the dupe chemical element into storing security-sensitive data (e.g., a page table) in an attacker-chosen, vulnerable physical memory page.P3. Physical Memory Addressing To get along double-sided Rowhammer, an attacker needs to repeatedly access specific physical memory pages.Mobile devices have Direct Memory Access (DMA) mechanisms that facilitates the implementation of P1 and P3. In particular, Android devices run ION, a DMA that allows user unprivileged apps to access un hive upd physically contiguous memory. To enforce P2 the attacker tricks the physical memory allocator built in Linux (buddy allocator) so as to partition the memory in a predictable way. Accurately selecting the dimensions of memory chunks to allocate, memory cells can be exhausted through Phys Feng Shui. Once the position of Page skirt Pages (PTPs) and Page Table Entries (PTEs) is indirectly known, double-sided Rowhammer is performed. Once the desired flip triggered, write access is gained to the page table by mapping into the attacker address space. Modifying one of the attacker PTPs, any p age in physical memory can be accessed, including kernel memory.b) Microarchitectural attackThe evolution of hardware architecture lead to a wide use of cache memories. Having several levels of cache between a CPU and the main memory, helps optimizing the memory access time with respect to the clock frequency. Microarchitectural attacks take advantage of the timing style of caches (e.g. consummation times, memory accesses) to read into sensitive information.In 6 a comprehensive survey that presents microarchitectural attacks is given.b.i) PrincipleMicroarchitectural attacks are based on different cache exploitations. Among them, three main methods are identifiedPrime + Probe The attacker fills one or more sets of the cache with its own lines. Once the victim has executed, the attacker accesses its previously-loaded lines, to essay if any were evicted showing the victim have modified an address mapping the equivalent set.Flush + Reload Its the inverse of Prime+Probe where the att acker first flushes a shared line of interest. Once the victim has executed, the attacker then recharges the evicted line by touching it, measuring the time taken. A fast reload indicates that the victim touched this line (reloading it), while a slow reload indicates that it didnt.Evict + Time The attacker first tricks the victim to run, through the preload of its working set, and leave a baseline execution time. In a second step the attacker then eliminates a line and runs the victim again. The difference in execution time indicates that the analyzed line was accessed.All microarchitectural attacks are a combination of those previously explained principles. Another noteworthy approach is causing Denial of Service ( province) saturating the lower-level cache bus 7..b.ii) ArchitectureAs mentioned before, microarchitectural attacks objective is the cache. squirrel aways are organized into lines. A cache line holds a block of adjacent bytes that are taken from memory. Cache are furt her organized in levels. Each level has a different size and is carefully selected to balance service time to the next highest (smaller in dimension therefore faster) level. Caches can enforce either Virtual or Physical addressing. In Virtual addressing, L1 cache level stores the index of virtual-to-physical addresses..b.iii) Instruction Set ArchitectureThe empathizeence process of the internal state of the cache is a central parameter to perform devastating microarchitectural attacks. Analyzing the ISA of a cache can deliver the goods an attacker with useful information about the hardware structure. Several different states can be exploited and are briefly summarized hereThread-shared State cache stores information that are shared between threads. Accessing them could lead to implementation degradation of the involved threads.Core-shared state Analyzing L1 and L2 cache contention usage between competing threads, it is possible to infer the encryption keys for algorithm used in internal communication (e.g. RSA, AES).Package-shared State Running a program concurrently in different cores residing in the same package, could lead to the saturation of that packages last-level cache (LLC). The saturation affects all the lower levels, exposing sensitive data.Numa-shared State Memory controllers memory in multi-core systems are exploited to enforce DoS attacks..b.iv) ProcedureA plethora of attacks are presented in 6, therefore the procedure of the Flush + Reload for Android systems using ARM processors 8 is discussed.The most powerful methods to perform Flush + Reload is to use the Linux System Call clflush. However it is provided by the OS on x86 systems, on mobile devices using ARM this function is not available. A less powerful version of it is clearcache and is used in 8.When the attack starts, the service component inside the attacker app creates a virgin thread,which calls into its native component to conduct Flush-Reload operations in the backgroundFlush T he attacker invokes clearcache to flush a function in the code section of this shared line.Flush-Reload interval The attacker waits for a fixed time for the victim to execute the function.Reload The attacker executes the function and measures the time of execution. With a small execution time, the function has been executed (from L2 cache) by some other apps (possibly the victims).In 8 the authors show that this method is capable of detecting hardware events (touchscreen interrupts, credit card scanning) and also tracing software executions paths.c) Rowhammer vs Microarchitectural attack future(a) the categorization used in 1, both Rowhammer and Microarchitectural attacks are active software attacks that exploits physical properties of the victim device. In particular Rowhammer uses the coupling effect of DRAM cells while Microarchitectural attacks gather sensitive information through the analysis of cache timing. The two attacks act at two different levels while Rowhammer needs to work fast on an uncached DRAM, Microarchitectural attack objective are cache memories that are usually SRAM. twain of them can be applied to desktop and to mobile OS 48, as well as cloud environments.c) Mobile vs Desktop attacksMobile devices are inherently more vulnerable than Desktop computers. Their portability and close integration with everyday heart make them more available to attackers. Moreover, apps are way more easy to install on mobile devices and general carelessness helps hackers in installing malicious software. Also, with respect to desktop computers, mobile phones have several sensors that can be exploited to gather information about users behavior. But from a OS point of view, mobile OS are way more limited than Desktop OS. Specifically, Rowhammer suffers from the limited subset of features available in desktop environments (e.g. no support for huge pages, memory deduplication, MMU paravirtualization). Same limitations happens in Microarchitectural attacks for ARM , where clflush function to perform Flush + Reload is not supported.2) NAND MirroringNAND mirroring is categorized in 1 as an active local Side Channel attack that exploits physical properties out of a device chip. In particular, in 13 a NAND mirroring attack is performed on an iPhone 5c. The security of Apple iPhone 5c became an objective of study afterwards FBI recovered such mobile device from a terrorist suspect in December 2015. As FBI was unable to retrieve data, NAND mirroring was suggested by Apple technology specialists as an optimal way to gain unlimited passcode attempts so as to bruteforce it. As the encryption key is not accessible from runtime code and its hardcoded in the CPU, it is impossible to brute-force the Passcode key without the getting at the hardware level. In iPhones such memory is a NAND spud memory. In NAND memories the cells are connected in series which reduces the cell size, notwithstanding increases the number of faulty cells. For this reason, ext ernal error correction strategies are required. To help with that, NAND memory allocates additional space for error correction data. In 13 the authors desoldered the NAND memory and reverberate it on a backup file. Although this method seems promising, several challenges were encountered by the authors, who had to balance some electrical anomalies with additional circuitry and also mechanically plug in a PCB at every attempt of bruteforcing the iPhone code. Such method could be applied to Desktop Computers, precisely the complexity of NAND memories would be way higher and it may unfeasible, in terms of time and complexity, to perform such attack.CountermeasuresSide-channel attacks are discovered and presented to the scientific world on a daily basis and suitable defense mechanisms are often not yet implemented or cannot be simply deployed.Even though countermeasures are being studied, it looks like a race between attackers and system engineers trying to make systems more secure an d reliable.3.a) Rowhammer AttackCountermeasures against Rowhammer have already been thoroughly explored, but not many are actually relevant in the mobile context. Powerful functions as CLFLUSH 9 and pagemap 10 have been disabled for users apps, but Rowhammer can still be performed through JavaScript. Furthermore, analyzing the cache hits and miss could raise a flag of alarm, but methods such as 4 dont cause any miss. Error correcting codes arent even that efficient in correcting bit flips. Most hardware vendors doubled the DRAM refresh rate, but results in 11 show that refresh rate would need to be improved by 8 times. Moreover, the power consumption would increase, making this resolving not suitable for mobile devices. In Android devices Rowhammer attacks, the biggest threat is still user apps being able to access ION. Google is developing mechanisms so as to reverse it to happen in a malicious way. One solution could be to isolate ION regions controlled by user apps from kernel memory, in order to avoid adjacent regions. But even in the absence of ION an attacker could force the buddy allocator to reserve memory in kernel memory zones by occupying all the memory available for users apps. Prevention of memory exhaustion need to be considered to avoid Rowhammer countermeasures workarounds.3.b) Microarchitectural AttackAs the final goal of microarchitectural attack is deciphering cryptographic codes (e.g. AES), a straightforward approach to protect them would be to avoid having tight data-dependencies (e.g sequence of cache line accesses or branches must not depend on data). If they depend on private data, the sequence, the program is destined to leak information through the cache. The constant-time implementation of modular exponentiation approach 12 plants a good way to press out data dependency. These are more general rules to follow, whether to combat specific attacks such as Flush + Reload in mobile devices with ARM 8. Disabling the system interfaces to flush the instruction caches, the Flush-Reload side channels can be removed entirely from ARM-based devices, but feasibility and security of this method havent been studied yet. Also, by removing system calls to have accurate time from Android could abate all timing side channels. Another way to fight Flush + Reload would be by preventing physical memory sharing between apps, but that would cause the memory footprint to expand and therefore exposing the system to other Sidechannel attacks.Problem 2Protocol DesignThe proposed solution for Problem 1 is represented in Figure 1. To solve this problem, four moments in which the Path-centric channel assignment algorithm from 14 are identified B receives a tract on its Channel 1 and, as an interferer is acting on Channel 1 on node A, B cant transmit. B1 is the active subnode, B2 and B3 are inactive subnodes. B switches from Channel 1 to Channel 2 (total cost 3), and forward the packet to A through Channel 2 (total cost 3+6=9). B2 is t he active subnode, B1 and B3 are inactive subnodes. A2 is the active subnode, A1 and A3 are inactive subnodes. A can either transmit on Channel 2 and Channel 3, but transmitting on Channel 2 is more expensive, so it switches to Channel 3 (total cost 9+3=12). A3 is the active subnode, A1 and A2 are inactive subnodes A send the packet at C through Channel 3 (total cost 12+2=14).Network ApplicationsIn our K-out-of-N system we are interested in understanding how much is a probability of getting errors in sensing from N sensor, where K represent a threshold for accepting a reliable measurement. This reasoning follows the binomial distributionIn our case at each node, errors can be bring on by a false measurement (with probability ) or by channel flipping a bit during the over-the-air time (with probability ). Therefore for our N-out-of-K nodes system we haveAssuming that and are independent, the final probability of having an erroneous detection is a linear combination of the twoFor completion, the probability of a successful measurement and transmittance is .Network StandardsSpectrum scarcity is a widely known problem in the world of wireless communications. The explosive wireless traffic growth pushes academia and pains to research novel solutions to this problem. Deploying LTE in unlicensed spectrum brings up the conflict problem of LTE-WiFi coexistence. This conflict can be analyzed with a close look at 802.11 MAC level. In Figure 2, a comparison between WLAN MAC layer and what is casually called MAC in LTE is depicted 19.WiFi 802.11 uses CSMA/CA to regulate accesses in MAC layer. In CSMA, a node senses the traffic before transmitting over the channel. If a carrier signal is sensed in the channel, the node waits until its free. In particular, in CSMA/CA the backoff time of a node is exponential.In LTE, multiple access is handled through TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) meaning that all accesses to the channel are scheduled.Historically LTE has been de veloped for environments with little interference, while WiFi combats interference in ISM with CSMA. Using them in the same spectrum would see LTE peremptory over WiFi, causing sever performance degradation in both the cases. Several solutions has been proposed and implemented in the past years. Qualcomm 15 and Huawei 16 proposed a separation in time and frequency domain. In 17 a Technology Independent Multiple-Output antenna approach is presented so as to clean interfered 802.11 signals. This method was made more robust in 18 but still they relied on the fact that at least one signal from the two technologies had a clear reference. Traffic demands analysis could help mitigate the performance drop due to interference, but even with an accurate demand estimation, only one can be active at a certain time and frequency, limiting the overall throughput.When interference is high, packet transmission is corrupted and error correction strategies are needed.In WiFi, standard Forward Error subject field (FEC) is used. In FEC, a redundancy is added to the transmitted packet, so as a receiver can detect and eventually correct the wrongly authorized bits.On the other hand, LTE uses HARQ (Hybrid-Automated Repeat reQuest) which is a combination of FEC and ARQ. In the standard implementation of ARQ, redundancy bits are embedded in the packets for error detection. When a corrupted packet is received, the receiver request a new packet to the transmitter. In HARQ, FEC codes are encoded in the packet, so as the receiver can directly correct wrong bits, when a known subset of errors is detected. If an uncorrectable error happens, the ARQ method is used to request a new packet. Hybrid ARQ performs better than ARQ in low signal conditions, but leads to an unfavorable throughput when the signal is good.To better see this interference behavior, a small simulation has been performed using ns3, in particular the LAA-WiFi-coexistence library 20. The scenario was built using two cell s whose radio coverage overlaps. The technologies used are LTE Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) operating on EARFCN 255444 (5.180 GHz), and Wi-Fi 802.11n operating on channel 36 (5.180 GHz). Two base station positioned at 20 mt distance from another, and they both have one user connected to them at a distance of 10 mt. Both BS are connected to a backhaul client node that originates UDP in the downlink direction from client to UE(s). In Figure 3(a) and Figure 3(b), we see how the throughput and the number of packets received by the WiFi BS varies when the two BSs coverage area overlaps and when they are isolated (e.g. their distance is 10 Km). Other scenarios were tested Figure 4 (a) represent the scenario of two WiFi BSs and Figure 4(b) two LTE BSs. It is possible to see the behavior of the two technologies.Table 1Throughput AThroughput BPacket loss APacket loss BDistant BSs Figure 3(a)73.78 Mbps77.55 Mbps4.6%0%Interfering BSs Figure 3(b)73.62 Mbps4.95 Mbps4.8%93%Two WiFi BSsFigure 4( a)53.45 Mbps54.41 Mbps27%25%Two LTE BSsFigure 4 (b)30.88 Mbps30.4 Mbps60%61%In Figure 4(a) we can see how the channel is split between the two BSs and the Carrier Sensing Multiple Access keeps a high throughput and a low packet loss.In Figure 4(b) we can see how the interference between the two LTE cells affects the throughput and gives a high packetloss.In Table 1 results from simulations are summarized.References1 R. Spreitzer, V. Moonsamy, T. Korak, S. Mangard. Systematic Classification of Side-Channel Attacks on Mobile Devices ArXiv20162 K. Razavi, B. Gras, E. Bosman, B. Preneel, C. Giurida, and H. Bos. Flip Feng Shui Hammering a Needle in the Software Stack. In Proceedings of the twenty-fifth USENIX Security Symposium, 2016.3 D. Gruss, C. Maurice, and S. Mangard. Rowhammer.js A Remote Software-Induced FaultAttack in JavaScript. In Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Detection of Intrusions and Malware Vulnerability Assessment (DIMVA), 2016.4 V. van der Veen, Y. Fratantonio, M. Lindorfer, D. Gruss, C. Maurice, G. Vigna, H. Bos, K. Razavi, and C. Giuffrida, Drammer Deterministic Rowhammer Attacks on Mobile Platforms, in Conference on Computer and Communications Security CCS 2016. ACM, 2016,pp. 1675-1689.5 Z. B. Aweke, S. F. Yitbarek, R. Qiao, R. Das, M. Hicks, Y. Oren, and T. Austin. ANVILSoftware-Based Protection Against Next-Generation Rowhammer Attacks. In Proceedings of the 21st ACM global Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS), 2016.6 Ge, Q., Yarom, Y., Cock, D., Heiser, G. (2016).A survey of microarchitectural timing attacks and countermeasures on contemporary hardware. Journal of Cryptographic Engineering7 Dong HyukWoo and Hsien-Hsin S. Lee. Analyzing performance vulnerability due to resource denial of service attack on chip multiprocessors. In Workshop on Chip Multiprocessor Memory Systems and Interconnects, Phoenix, AZ, US, 2007.8 X. Zhang, Y. Xiao, and Y. Zhang, Return-Oriented Flush-Relo ad Side conduct on ARM and Their Implications for Android Devices in Conference on Computer and Communications Security CCS 2016. ACM, 2016, pp. 858-870.9 M. Seaborn and T. Dullien. Exploiting the DRAM Rowhammer Bug to Gain Kernel Privileges. In caustic Hat USA (BH-US), 2015.10 M. Salyzyn. AOSP Commit 0549ddb9 UPSTREAM pagemap do not leak physical addresses to non-privileged userspace. http//goo.gl/Qye2MN,November 2015.11 Y. Kim, R. Daly, J. Kim, C. Fallin, J. H. Lee, D. Lee, C. Wilkerson, K. Lai, and O. Mutlu. Flipping Bits in Memory Without Accessing Them An Experimental Study of DRAM Disturbance Errors. In Proceedings of the 41st International Symposium on ComputerArchitecture (ISCA), 2014.12 Ernie Brickell. Technologies to improve platform security. Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems11 Invited Talk, September 2011.13 S. Skorobogatov, The crude Road Towards iPhone 5c NAND Mirroring, arXiv ePrint Archive, Report 1609.04327, 2016.14 Xin, Chunsheng, Liangpin g Ma, and Chien-Chung Shen. A path-centric channel assignment framework for cognitive radio wireless networks Mobile Networks and Applications 13.5 (2008) 463-476.15 Qualcomm wants LTE deployed in unlicensed spectrum. http//www.fiercewireless.com/story/qualcomm-wants-lte-deployed-unlicen%sed-spectrum/2013-11-2116 Huawei U-LTE solution creates new market opportunities for mobile operators. http//www.huawei.com/ilink/en/about-huawei/newsroom/ press-release/HW 3%27768.17 S. Gollakota, F. Adib, D. Katabi, and S. Seshan. Clearing the RF smog making 802.11 robust to cross-technology interference. In Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, 2011.18 Y. Yubo, Y. Panlong, L. Xiangyang, T. Yue, Z. Lan, and Y. Lizhao. ZIMO building cross-technology MIMO to harmonize Zigbee smog with WiFi flash without intervention. In Proc. of MobiCom, 2013.19 Long-Term Evolution Protocol How the Standard Impacts Media Access Control Tim Godfrey WMSG Advanced Technology, http//www.nxp.com/files-static/training_presentation/TP_LTE _PHY_MAC.pdf20 https//www.nsnam.org/wiki/LAA-WiFi-Coexistence

Classifications of Government Expenditure

Classifications of Government ExpenditureThe welf be of the people of India highly depends on the expenditure of the Government of India (GOI). Government expenditure is a very important aspect of the political relations budget presented by the finance minister every fiscal. Through it GOI tries to maximise the welfare of the people by appropriately allocating economical resources to various presidential term activities.Government expenditure can be broadly classified into four categoriesFunctional Classification or Budget Classification In April 1974, the GOI introduced a new accounting structure in order to serve the requirement of financial control and accountability. Under this structure, a five tier mixed bag has been adopted orbital, major head, minor head, subhead, and detailed heads of accounts. Sectoral classification has clubbed the government functions into three sectors, namely, General Services, brotherly and Community Services and Economic services. In the new st ructure, a major head is designate to each function and minor head is assigned to each programme. Each minor head include activities or schemes or organizations as subheads.Economic Classification Economic classification of the government expenditure signifies the way of the allocation of resources to various economic activities. It involves listing the government expenditure by significant economic categories, separating current expenditure from capital expenditure, spending for goods and services from transfers to individuals and institutions, inter-governmental loans from grants etc. This classification provides a record of governments influence in each sector of the economy.Cross Classification or Economic-cum-functional Classification Cross classification provides the break-up of government expenditure both by economic and by functional heads. For example, expenditure on medical facilities, a functional head, is split as current expenditure, capital expenditure, transfers and loans.Accounting Classification Accounting classification of the government expenditure can be presented under (i) Revenue and Capital (ii) Developmental and Non-Developmental and (iii) Plan and Non-Plan. Each classification of expenditure has an objective associated with it. For instance, Revenue and Capital expenditure indicates the creation of assets by government expenditure and unproductive expenditure. Further, the developmental and non-developmental classification differentiates the government classification as the expenditure on social and community services and economic service from that against customary expenditure. Similarly, the Plan and Non-Plan expenditure represents the expenditure on planned schemes of government and non-plan expenditures.The above classification of the government expenditure serves one or more of the purposes of the government, such as, parliamentary control over expenditure, economic development, price stability etc.Analysis of Government Expendi ture in IndiaThe chart given below shows the division of government expenditure in harm of capital and revenue expenditure for some selected years. The percentage share of revenue expenditure in government expenditure has change magnitude over time due to increase in expenditure in society welfare.The growth story of the India can be said in terms of five year plans which give an account of government expenditure during the plans. The first five year plan (1951-56) laid emphasis on agriculture, including irrigation and power, wherein the government had worn out(p) 36% of its subject on these heads. The second five year plan (1956-61) marks the foray towards industrialization with an increased government spending in transport and communion sector with an contribution of 28.9% of its expenditure. The urge for industrialization continues even during the third five year pan (1961-66) with 24% and 20% public spending on Industry Minerals, and Transport and Communication respectivel y. Fourth to seventh five year plans have social services of education, health, welfare sharing a majority of the pie with 24% and 26% expenditure in fourth and fifth plan.The eight five year plan (1992-97) commenced the era of fiscal reform and liberalization. There were increased efforts to correct the economic growth and quality of life of the common man. There were high public spending on the sectors like energy (26.6%), Transportation and communication (20.8%) and Social and other services (19.6%). The Ninth five year plan (1997-2002) focussed on the development of infrastructure by allocating 72% of the funds to irrigation, energy, transport and communication and social service. The tenth five year had an objective of atleast 8% growth rate by providing a boast to power sector spending (26.56%) and change magnitude social Community services sector spending to 29.27%.COMPARISON OF INFLATION BASED ON cost-of-living index AND WPIConsumer Price Index (cost-of-living index), is delimit as the plodding norm change over time in the prices of a basket of the good and services consumed by a consumer. While, Wholesale Price Index is defined as the weighted average change over time in the price of a basket of wholesale goods. Inflation rate is calculated ground on the CPI and WPI as the percentage in the respective indices over time, generally a year.The calculation of fanfare rates based on CPI and WPI form 1994-95 to 2006-07 is given in the table provided belowCPI and WPI differ in terms of their weights assigned to their respective constituent basket goods and services. Food has been assigned a higher weight in CPI (46% in CPI-IW) as compared to a weight of only 27% in WPI. As a result, the CPI changes more with the change in the food process as compared to the WPI. Further, the fuel group has a much lower weight in CPI (7% on an average) relative to that in the WPI (14.2%). Consequently, the variations in international crude process affect the WPI more than CPI. Also, services are not included under WPI, but are included in the CPI to different extents. Hence, the CPIs are influenced by the service price inflation.Considering the data provided in the table above, it can be inferred that on an average CPI-IW inflation is higher than that of WPI inflation. Also, in terms of WPI inflation the period from 1994-95 to 1995-94 was of higher inflation, then the inflation decreases and increases again in 2000-01 and then decreases again. It can be seen that the inflation rate, both CPI inflation and WPI inflation, follows a cyclic pattern.

George Washington And Thomas Jefferson :: essays research papers

George uppercase and Thomas Jefferson were two important men who affected our peoples independence and the beginning years of our country. They helped form this nation into a free and sovereign country. Yet, they were different in many aspects they shared a few common features. Both Washington and Jefferson grew up in the grey state of Virginia and like most owned land to grow and harvest crops. In growing up they came from two different class levels of living. The Jefferson family was more known and richer than Washingtons giving him a greater advantage and opportunity to succeed, especially in higher education. After Jefferson finished regular schooling he was able to attend the College of William and Mary were he studied law. He did so under the teaching of George Wthe who was considered perhaps the greatest teachers of law in Virginia at the time. Washington however was taught by his mom mainly in mathematics and received no higher education. Washington was still knowledgeab le and began to put it to use in the army to become as a young British soldier. He interred the army at the young age of nineteen were he began to apprehend leadership and military strategy which would prove useful in the Revolutionary War to come. Jefferson on the other hand was involved in the laws, courts, and small politics. At the young age of twenty-five Jefferson was elected to the House of Burgesses in Virginia were he served for five years. Washington was known for his great motivational speeches that would rally troops unitedly to prepare for war and lead on to victory. Jefferson was more of a writer not a speaker and by using his skill he wrote and brought frontwards fresh ideas of independence and freedom.

Waterlogging of Soil :: Environmental, Informative,

What is it?Waterlogging is the lower in land productivity through the rise in groundwater coterminous to the kingdom surface, and also where the water table rises above the surface. The raised water table results in the soils becoming waterlogged and air spaces in the soil be fill with water, and plant roots, in effect, suffocate from the lack of oxygen, limiting plant growth in those areas.Where does it occur?Waterlogging occurs where bad irrigation methods are enjoymentd and in ailing(predicate) deadened soils where water cant penetrate deeply. For example, there may be an impermeable clay layer below the soil. It also occurs on areas that are poorly beat(p) topographically. Worldwide, about 10% of all irrigated land suffers from water logging. Currently Victoria has 1.8 million ha affected by waterlogging. Waterlogging occurs mostly on flat flood plain areas or gently sloping landforms with high rainfall and red duplex or heavy clay soils. What causes it?Water logging i s caused by excessive irrigation on poorly drained soils, i.e. water enters the soil faster than it drains away. It occurs even worse where there is compaction of subsoil layers where water quickly enters the topsoil but is whence block up by a water-resistant clay layer, which may occur naturally or may be induced through excessive use of inelegant machinery. Irrigation water and/or seepage from canals eventually raise the water table in the ground.What are the impacts?Water logging causesDamage to the soil structure.asphyxiation of limit roots.Fall of productivity by about 20% in those areas affected.Waterlogging of Soil Environmental, Informative, What is it?Waterlogging is the lower in land productivity through the rise in groundwater close to the soil surface, and also where the water table rises above the surface. The raised water table results in the soils becoming waterlogged and air spaces in the soil are filled with water, and plant roots, in effect, suffocate from the lack of oxygen, limiting plant growth in those areas.Where does it occur?Waterlogging occurs where bad irrigation methods are used and in poorly drained soils where water cant penetrate deeply. For example, there may be an impermeable clay layer below the soil. It also occurs on areas that are poorly drained topographically. Worldwide, about 10% of all irrigated land suffers from water logging. Currently Victoria has 1.8 million ha affected by waterlogging. Waterlogging occurs mostly on flat floodplain areas or gently sloping landforms with high rainfall and red duplex or heavy clay soils. What causes it?Water logging is caused by excessive irrigation on poorly drained soils, i.e. water enters the soil faster than it drains away. It occurs even worse where there is compaction of subsoil layers where water quickly enters the topsoil but is then blocked by a water-resistant clay layer, which may occur naturally or may be induced through excessive use of agricultural machinery. Irr igation water and/or seepage from canals eventually raise the water table in the ground.What are the impacts?Water logging causesDamage to the soil structure.Suffocation of Plant roots.Fall of productivity by about 20% in those areas affected.